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AP Biology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Selective Permeability

A

allows some substances to cross the cell membrane easier than others

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2
Q

amphipathic

A

both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

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3
Q

what molecule is amphipatic?

A

phospholipid

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4
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids

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5
Q

Integral proteins

A

penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer

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6
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

loosely bound to the surface of the membrane

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7
Q

glycolipids

A

membrane carbohydrates covalently bond to lipids.

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8
Q

glycoproteins

A

membrane carbohydrates covalently bonded to proteins

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9
Q

transport proteins

A

allow the passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane.

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10
Q

aquaporins

A

channel protein that facilitates the passage of water

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11
Q

diffusion

A

tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into an available space.

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12
Q

concentration gradient

A

substances diffuse down or up.

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13
Q

passive transport

A

diffusion of a substance across the membrane.

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14
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane

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15
Q

tonicity

A

ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.

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16
Q

isotonic

A

solute concentration is the same, no net movement of water across the plasma membrane.

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17
Q

The plasma membrane exhibits?

A

selective permeability

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18
Q

Phospholipids are?

A

amphipathic

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19
Q

As temperature cools, membranes switch from?

A

fluid state to solid state.

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20
Q

The temperature at which a membrane solidifies depends on?

A

the type of lipids it contains

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21
Q

A membrane remins fluid as it cools if it is rich in?

A

phospholipids with unsaturated hydrocarbon tails

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22
Q

At warm temps cholesterol ______ and at cool temperatures it _________.

A

restrains movement of phospholipids, maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing.

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23
Q

Variations in lipid composition of cell membranes of many species appear to be?

A

adaptations to specific environmental conditions

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24
Q

ability to change the lipid compositions in response to temperature change has?

A

evolved in organisms that live where temperature varys.

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25
Q

Proteins determine most of?

A

the membrane’s specific functions

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26
Q

Majority of these span the cell membrane

A

transmembrane proteins

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27
Q

The hydrophobic region of an integral protein consists of?

A

1 or more stretches of non polar amino acids often coiled into alpha helices

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28
Q

6 Major functions of membrane proteins

A

-transport
-enzymatic activity
-attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM
-signal transreduction
-cell-cell recognition
-intercellular joining

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29
Q

membranes have distinct ______

A

inside and outside faces

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30
Q

A cell must regulate ______ across cellular boundaries.

A

transport of substances

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31
Q

Non polar molecules can ____ in the lipid bilayer and ____.

A

dissolve, cross it easily

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32
Q

Polar molecules can ______

A

not pass the membrane easily.

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33
Q

Even ___ does not cross the membrane as good as non polar molecules.

A

water

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34
Q

channel proteins

A

transport proteins that has a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules can use as a tunnel.

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35
Q

A transport proteins is specific to ______

A

the substance it moves.

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36
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

molecules cross the membrane in one direction as in the other

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37
Q

substances move down their own concentration gradient unaffected by?

A

concentration gradients of other substances

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38
Q

Hypertonic

A

solute concentration greater than inside cell, cell loses water

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39
Q

Hypotonic

A

solute concentration is less than inside cell, cell gains water.

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40
Q

osmoregulation

A

control over solute concentrations and water balance.

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41
Q

turgid

A

very firm cell

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42
Q

flaccid

A

limp cell

43
Q

plasmolysis

A

In hypertonic environment, plants cells membrane pulls away from the wall.

44
Q

Plasmolysis is ___ to plant cells.

A

lethal

45
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

transport proteins speed up the passive movement of molecules across the membrane.

46
Q

ion channels

A

channel proteins that transport ions

47
Q

gated channels

A

open and close in response to stimulus.

48
Q

active transport

A

moves substances across membranes against their concentration gradients.

49
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

exchanges Na+ for K+ across the plasma membrane of animal cells

50
Q

passive transport diffuses from?

A

high to low

51
Q

active transport diffuses from?

A

low to high

52
Q

active transport energy is _____. Passive transport energy is _____.

A

required, not required

53
Q

hypertonic or hypotonic environments create ________ for organism.

A

osmotic problems

54
Q

The protist paramecium caudatum has a contractile vacuoles that _______.

A

pumps excess water out of the cell

55
Q

paramecium caudatum is _____ to its pond water environment.

A

hypertonic

56
Q

a plant cells in a ___ swells until the wall opposes uptake; the cell is now _____.

A

hypotonic solution, turgid

57
Q

Channel proteins provide ______ that allow specific molecules to ____.

A

corridors, cross the membrane

58
Q

ion channels are also known as?

A

gated channels

59
Q

carrier proteins undergo a subtle _____ that translocates the solute-binding site across the membrane.

A

change in shape

60
Q

active transport allows cells to maintain concentration gradients that differ?

A

from their surroundings

61
Q

what kind of energy is required for active transport?

A

ATP

62
Q

Example of active transport system

A

sodium-potassium pump

63
Q

membrane potential

A

voltage across a membrane, -50 to -200mV

64
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

drives diffusion of ions across a membrane

65
Q

2 combined forces that make up the electrochemical gradient

A

-chemical force
-electrical force

66
Q

electrogenic pump

A

transport proteins that generates voltage across a membrane

67
Q

Major electrogenic pump of animal cells

A

sodium-potassium pump

68
Q

Proton pump

A

main electrogenic pump of plants, fungi, and bacteria

69
Q

cotransport

A

cells move two different molecules across a membrane at the same time.

70
Q

plants use the _____ generated by proton pumps to drive active transport of nutrients into the cell.

A

gradient of hydrogen ions

71
Q

examples of larger molecules that cross the membrane in bulk by vesicles.

A

polysaccharides and proteins

72
Q

bulk transport requires?

A

energy

73
Q

exocytosis

A

transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, then release their contents.

74
Q

endocytosis

A

A cell takes in molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles

75
Q

3 types of endocytosis

A

-phagocytosis
-pinocytosis
-receptor-mediated endocytosis

76
Q

Phagocytosis

A

cell engulfs a particle than packages it into a vacuole to be digested

77
Q

Pinocytosis

A

cell engulfs fluids along with molecules that can’t pass through the plasma membrane.

78
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

cell engulfs molecules that can’t get through membrane by binding to cell surface receptors.

79
Q

In multicellular organisms, ______allows the cells to the body to coordinate their activities

A

cell to cell communication

80
Q

gap junctions

A

junctions in animal cells

81
Q

plasmodesmata

A

junctions in plant cells

82
Q

junctions

A

directly connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells

83
Q

synaptic signaling

A

neurons communicate at synapses to excite or inhibit the activity of target cells

84
Q

paracrine signaling

A

cells release signaling molecules to communicate with other cells

85
Q

endocrine signaling is also known as?

A

hormone signaling

86
Q

endocrine signaling

A

specialized cells release hormones that travel through circulatory system.

87
Q

In long distance signaling, plants and animals use?

A

hormones

88
Q

3 processes that cells receive signals

A

-reception
-transduction
-response

89
Q

reception

A

detection of the signal

90
Q

transduction

A

conversion of signal to a cellular response

91
Q

transduction uses the _______ pathway

A

signal transduction

92
Q

response

A

cellular activity in response to a signal

93
Q

ligand

A

signal molecule

94
Q

The binding between a ligand and receptor is _____

A

highly specific

95
Q

ligand bindings generally cause a _____.

A

shape change in the receptor.

96
Q

Many receptors are _____ by a change in shape.

A

directly activated

97
Q

2 main types of membrane receptors

A

-G protein-coupled receptors
-Ligand-gated ion channels

98
Q

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR)

A

plasma membrane receptors that work with the help of a G protein.

99
Q

ligand-gated ion channel receptor

A

Acts as a gate for ions when the receptor changes shape.

100
Q

Where are intracellular receptor proteins found?

A

cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells

101
Q

Examples of hydrophobic messangers (3)

A

-steroid hormones in animals
-thyroid hormones in animals
-nitric oxide in plants and animals

102
Q

Aldosterone is secreted by cells of the ______ and enter cells _____.

A

adrenal gland, all over the body

103
Q

Only ____ contain receptor cells for aldosterone.

A

kidneys

104
Q

G-protein

A

protein that binds GTP together.

AP Biology (8 decks)

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