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AP Biology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Offspring reassemble their parents more than?

A

unrelated individuals

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2
Q

Heredity

A

transmission of traits from one generation to the next

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3
Q

variation

A

demonstrated by the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings.

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4
Q

genetics

A

scientific study of heredity and variation.

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5
Q

genes

A

units of heredity

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6
Q

what are genes made up of?

A

segments of DNA

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7
Q

Genes are passed to the next generation by?

A

gametes

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8
Q

Each gene has a specific ___ on a certain chromosome

A

locus

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9
Q

locus

A

specific position

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10
Q

asexual reproduction

A

single individual passes genes without fusion of gametes

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11
Q

clone

A

group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent, produced asexually.

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12
Q

sexual reproduction

A

two parents give rise to offspring that have genes inherited from of them.

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13
Q

life cycle

A

generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism.

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14
Q

karyotype

A

an ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell.

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15
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

two chromosomes in each pair

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16
Q

homologous chromosomes are also known as?

A

homologs

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17
Q

homologous pair

A

chromosomes that are the same length shape, and carry genes with the same inherited characteristics.

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18
Q

human female homologous pair

A

xx

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19
Q

human male homologous pair

A

xy

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20
Q

autosomes

A

remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes

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21
Q

Each pair of homologous chromosomes includes?

A

one pair of chromosomes from each parent.

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22
Q

diploid cell has?

A

2 sets of chromosomes

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23
Q

symbol for diploid cell

24
Q

each replicated chromosome consists of?

A

two identical sister chromatids

25
Q

haploid cell has?

A

1 set of chromosomes

26
Q

fertilization

A

the union of gametes

27
Q

zygote

A

fertilized egg

28
Q

The zygote produces ___ by ___.

A

somatic cells, mitosis

29
Q

What human cells are produced by meiosis?

30
Q

Meiosis is preceded by?

A

duplication of chromosomes

31
Q

Meiosis takes place in?

A

Meiosis l and Meiosis ll

32
Q

What takes place in Meiosis l and ll results in?

A

4 daughter cells

33
Q

allele

A

different versions of genes

34
Q

Meiosis reduces the number of ___ from ____ with each daughter cell receiving ____?

A

chromosome sets, 2 to 1, 1 set of chromosomes

35
Q

In the second meiotic division what is the result?

A

4 haploid cells

36
Q

What happens in prophase 1 of meiosis?

A

-homologous chromosomes pair up
-Crossing over occurs

37
Q

What happens in metaphase 1 of meiosis?

A

-homologous pairs line up at metaphase plate
-microtubles attach

38
Q

What happens in anaphase 1 of meiosis?

A

-homologus pairs seperate
-sister chromatids remain attached and move towards opposite poles

39
Q

What happens in telophase 1 and cytokinesis of meiosis?

A

-clevage furrow forms
-cytoplasm divides

40
Q

crossing over

A

nonsister chromatids exchange DNA segments

41
Q

chiasmata

A

homologous pair with one or more x-shaped region

42
Q

tetrad

A

structure formed during meiosis consisting of 4 chromatids.

43
Q

What does not occur before the beginning of meiosis 2?

A

chromosome duplication

44
Q

At the end of meiosis there are ____ daughter cells.

45
Q

Each daughter cells of meiosis is?

A

genetically distinct

46
Q

synaptonemal complex

A

zipper-like structure that forms between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

47
Q

synapsis

A

process of joining chromosomes from each parent

48
Q

3 events unique to meiosis

A

-crossing over and sysnapsis
-alignment of homologus pairs at the metaphase plate
-seperation of homologs

49
Q

crossing over and synapsis

A

homologous chromosomes physically connects and exchange genetic information

50
Q

alignment of homologous pairs at the metaphase plate

A

homologous pairs of chromosomes are positioned at metaphase plate

51
Q

mutations are?

A

original source of genetic diversity

52
Q

alleles

A

different versions of genes

53
Q

3 mechanisms that contribute to genetic variation

A

-Independent assortment of chromosomes
-Crossing over
-random fertilization

54
Q

independent assortment

A

random separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis

55
Q

On average how many crossover events occur per chromosome pair?

56
Q

There are more than ____ possible combinations in chromosomes in humans.

A

2^23 or 8 million

AP Biology (14 decks)

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