Chapter 20

Question 1

Phylogeny

Answer 1

evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

Question 2

systematics

Answer 2

classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships

Question 3

taxonomy

Answer 3

scientific discipline responsible for ordered division and naming organisms

Question 4

Binomial

Answer 4

two-part format of the scientific species name

Question 5

First part of name is ____ and second part is ___.

Answer 5

genus, epithet

Question 6

epihet

Answer 6

unique for each species

Question 7

Taxonomic groups from least to most inclusive (8)

Answer 7

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

Question 8

taxon

Answer 8

taxonomic unit at any level of the hierarchy

Question 9

Phylogenetic trees

Answer 9

branching diagrams

Question 10

A phylogenetic tree represents

Answer 10

a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships

Question 11

branch point

Answer 11

divergence of 2 evolutionary linkages from common ancestor

Question 12

Sister taxa

Answer 12

groups that share an immediate common ancestor not shared by any other groups

Question 13

The order in which a taxa appear at the branch tips does not represent?

Answer 13

the sequence of evolution

Question 14

A rooted tree includes?

Answer 14

a branch to represent the most recent common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

Question 15

basal taxon

Answer 15

linkage that diverges from all members of its group early in the group’s history.

Question 16

Phylogenetic trees show patterns of ___, not ___.

Answer 16

descent, phenotypic similarity

Question 17

Phylogenetic trees based on DNA sequences can be used to?

Answer 17

infer species identities

Question 18

Phylogenetic are inferred from similarities in? (3)

Answer 18

morphology, genetics, and biochemistry.

Question 19

homologies

Answer 19

phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry

Question 20

convergent evolution occurs when?

Answer 20

unrelated groups adapt to similar environmental pressures

Question 21

The more complex similar structures are, the more likely that ___.

Answer 21

they evolved once in a common ancestor rather than independently.

Question 22

Computer programs can help identify genetic matches by?

Answer 22

comparing different lengths of DNA

Question 23

Cladistics classify organisms by?

Answer 23

common descent

Question 24

clade

Answer 24

group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

Question 25

monophyletic

Answer 25

consisting of the ancestor species and all of its descendants

Question 26

paraphyletic groups

Answer 26

consist of an ancestral species and some but not all of its descendants.

Question 27

polyphyletic group

Answer 27

includes distantly related species but does not include their most recent common ancestor.

Question 28

shared ancestral character

Answer 28

character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon

Question 29

shared derived character

Answer 29

evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade

Question 30

A character can be __ and __ depending on the context.

Answer 30

ancestral, derived

Question 31

A shared derived "character can be referred to as?

Answer 31

a loss of a feature

Question 32

Example of shared derived character

Answer 32

the loss of limbs in a shared derived character of all snakes

Question 33

ingroup

Answer 33

group of species being studied

Question 34

outgroup

Answer 34

species or group of species closely related but no apart of the ingroup

Question 35

Maximum parsimony

Answer 35

assumes that the most likely tree is the one that requires the fewest evolutionary events

Question 36

molecular clock

Answer 36

estimates the absolute time of evolutionary change

Question 37

how does a molecular clock work?

Answer 37

plots the number of genetic changes against the dates of branch points known from the fossil record.

Question 38

mutations in critical genes are more likely to be ___, causing the genes to ____?

Answer 38

harmful, change slowly

Question 39

Systematrists have recently gained insight into even the very deepest branches of the tree of life through?

Answer 39

analysis of DNA sequence data

Question 40

Eukaryotes and archea are ____ than to ___

Answer 40

more closely related to each other than to, bacteria

Question 41

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 41

transfer of genes from the genome of one species to another