Chapter 16

Question 1

Understanding the program has progressed is done mainly by studying?

Answer 1

model organisms

Question 2

Stem cells are key to?

Answer 2

developmental process

Question 3

transformation from zygote to adult results from?

Answer 3

cell division, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis

Question 4

morphogenesis

Answer 4

physical process that gives an organism its shape

Question 4

cell differentiation

Answer 4

process by which cells become specialized in structure and function

Question 5

Cytoplasmic determinants

Answer 5

maternal substances in the egg that influence early development

Question 6

induction

Answer 6

signal molecules from embryonic cells cause transcriptional changes in nearby target cells

Question 7

determination commits a cell?

Answer 7

irreversibly to its final state

Question 8

MyoD protein

Answer 8

transcription factor that targets gene encoding muscle-specific proteins

Question 9

apoptosis

Answer 9

programmed cell death

Question 10

Apoptosis protects neighboring cells from?

Answer 10

damage by nearby dying cells

Question 11

apoptosis is essential to?

Answer 11

development and maintenance in all organisms.

Question 12

Pattern formation

Answer 12

development of a spatial organization of tissues and organs

Question 13

Positional information

Answer 13

molecular cues that control pattern formation in location relative to body axes

Question 14

cloned individuals are genetically identical to?

Answer 14

the parent that donated the single cell

Question 15

current interest in organism cloning arises mainly from?

Answer 15

its potential to generate stem cells

Question 16

totipotent

Answer 16

cells that give rise to all the specialized cell types in the organism.

Question 17

pluripotent

Answer 17

cells that can differentiate into any cell besides extra-embryonic tissues (Placenta).

Question 18

Cancer research led to the discovery of?

Answer 18

oncogenes in certain types of viruses

Question 19

oncogenes

Answer 19

cancer causing genes

Question 20

proto-oncogenes

Answer 20

normal genes

Question 21

proto-oncogenes code for proteins that stimulate?

Answer 21

normal cell growth and division

Question 22

Proto-oncogenes can be converted to oncogenes by?

Answer 22

-movement of oncogene to position near active promoter
-Amplification
-Point mutations

Question 23

Tumor-suppressor genes

Answer 23

proteins that help prevent uncontrolled cell growth

Question 24

Mutations that decrease protein products of tumor-suppressor genes may?

Answer 24

contribute to cancer onset

Question 25

Tumor-suppressor proteins

Answer 25

-Repair damaged DNA
-Control cell adhesion
-inhibit cell cycle

Question 26

Mutations common in human cancers

Answer 26

-ras proto-oncogene
-p53 tumor-supressor gene

Question 27

Mutations in ras gene can lead to?

Answer 27

hyperactivity of protein and increased cell division

Question 28

The Ras protein activates a ___ that leads to ___.

Answer 28

kinase cascade, cell division

Question 29

hyperactive versions of ras gene will lead to?

Answer 29

excessive cell division

Question 30

Mutations in the p53 gene prevent?

Answer 30

supression of the cell cycle and excessive cell division.