Chapter 9

Question 1

What is phonology

Answer 1

Sounds of a language

• how words are broken up to soundd

Question 2

What is Morphology

Answer 2

Rules of meaning in language - if you change certain words or rules, it can change what you are trying to communicate

Question 3

Semantics

Answer 3

Meaning of the word

• what does the word mean

Question 4

Syntax

Answer 4

structure of sentences

• How are words combined to make a sentence

Question 5

Pragmatics

Answer 5

How language is used to communicate effectively

• requires understanding of context and social cues Eg. you can say the same sentence but depending on the context or cue, it can change

Question 6

Pragmatics and children with autism

Answer 6

people with autism tend to have a difficulty with pragmatics where they cannot infer based on context and social cues

they tend to take sentences quite literally or factually

Question 7

What are Phonemes

Answer 7

unique sounds that are building blocks of a languages

combining sounds with other sounds to make words

• Babies can hear phonemes that are not in their language

Question 8

What is the critical age period for language acquisition

Answer 8

12-13 years (around puberty)

Question 9

children who speak multiple languages and language development

Answer 9

it starts off delayed but later it evens out

Question 10

How do infants identify individual words

Answer 10

using

stress patterns = stressing certain words

statistics = hears a sound over and over again

knowledge of how sounds are used = we have from the beginning

and reliance on familiar function words = fast mapping. We take parts of a word we know, and we build on that

Question 11

what id infant directed speech

Answer 11

used to be known as parent or mother easy

when we talk in a certain way to allows them to understand what we are saying aka baby talk

( slow down, exaggerate words, give time to baby for reaction, higher pitch, louder volume. )

Question 12

Steps to speech

Answer 12

Cooing (2 months)

Babbling (6 months)

Babbling + Intonation (8 to 11 months)

First word (around first birthday)

at 2 years we expect the kids to put a few words together to make a sentence

Question 13

What is cooing

Answer 13

when baby is Producing vowel like sounds

Question 14

What is babbling

Answer 14

Speech like sounds that dont have a meaning

eg. BAh Bah. BAh

Question 15

Babbling with intonation

Answer 15

intonation like rising or falling pitch/duplication of babbling

MAMA, DADA –> babbling comes from language that they hear

Question 16

Word explosion

Answer 16

happens at around 18 months

one day toddlers goes from 2 words to suddenly 50 words

Question 17

What is fast mapping

Answer 17

learning words and connecting it to other words

• having an idea of what a word is so when they learn a different word, they try to associate the new word with the old word

Question 18

WHat is language acquisition device

Answer 18

Part of the brain that helps us to make inferences and figure out the answer related to words we were never taught

Question 19

What is Joint Attention

Answer 19

Constraints on word names , sentences, social cues and cognitive growth

eg. A chair cannot be a chair AND a table at the same time

Question 20

What are linguistic errors

Answer 20

Underextensions and Overextensions/overuse

Question 21

Underextension

Answer 21

when using a word that could be used for other words but only for 1 specific thing

eg. I call my family dog, dog but i dont call other people’s dogs , a dog

Question 22

Overextension

Answer 22

if I have an idea that a dog is a 4 legged creature with fur then overextension is when i say dog to a cat, a tiger, lion, etc.

another eg. Calling all fruits an apple or calling all women mom

Question 23

Referential Style

Answer 23

• Vocabularies are words that name objects, persons or actions

eg. When they learn how to talk and they point when saying the word.

-language used as an intellectual tool to label things

Question 24

Expressive Style

Answer 24

Vocabularies include social phrases used as a single word

• language used as a social tool to express feelings

eg. I want it!, Go AWAY!

Question 25

How do children acquire grammar

Answer 25

Behaviorist Answer = BF Skinner - learning through imitation and reinforcement although it is not the best way to learn language

Nativist Answer = Believed that children are born with the ability to learn languages (Language acquisition device)

Cognitive Answer = learning grammar throught cognitive skills that helps them detect regularities, patterns in speech

Social Interaction Answer = combination of all + learning gramma through interaction

Question 26

What is the Broca area and Wernicke area

Answer 26

Broca area: regions on left frontal cortex - helps with combining words into meaningful sentences

Wernicke Area : on temporal lobe . responsible for word comprehension to understand spoke and written language

Question 27

Broca aphasia

Answer 27

Can comprehend but will have trouble with speech, struggle with forming sentences but will make sense of sentences

• happens after a stroke or something,

Question 28

Wernicke aphasia

Answer 28

Issues with language comprehension

They start forming sentences with no meaning like a word salad even though they speak fluently

Question 29

Encouraging word learning

Answer 29

speaking with children frequently - not in a punitive manner

name objects to focus attention and use speech using different words.

reading books and ask open ended questions

importance of revitalizing traditional languages

interactive learning - eg. sesame street

Question 30

Turn taking

Answer 30

happens before baby even speaks

by 2 years, turn taking occurs

3 years, they will elicit a response (repeat themselves, raise their voices)

Question 31

properties of Sign language

Answer 31

Arbitrary units = many Signs do not have to be iconic

Structure and meaningful = grammar rules must be followed

Displacement = can be used to discuss events distant in time or place

Generativity = used to create infinite number of new utterance