Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is phonology

A

Sounds of a language

  • how words are broken up to soundd
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2
Q

What is Morphology

A

Rules of meaning in language - if you change certain words or rules, it can change what you are trying to communicate

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3
Q

Semantics

A

Meaning of the word

  • what does the word mean
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4
Q

Syntax

A

structure of sentences

  • How are words combined to make a sentence
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5
Q

Pragmatics

A

How language is used to communicate effectively

  • requires understanding of context and social cues Eg. you can say the same sentence but depending on the context or cue, it can change
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6
Q

Pragmatics and children with autism

A

people with autism tend to have a difficulty with pragmatics where they cannot infer based on context and social cues

they tend to take sentences quite literally or factually

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7
Q

What are Phonemes

A

unique sounds that are building blocks of a languages

combining sounds with other sounds to make words

  • Babies can hear phonemes that are not in their language
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8
Q

What is the critical age period for language acquisition

A

12-13 years (around puberty)

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9
Q

children who speak multiple languages and language development

A

it starts off delayed but later it evens out

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10
Q

How do infants identify individual words

A

using

stress patterns = stressing certain words

statistics = hears a sound over and over again

knowledge of how sounds are used = we have from the beginning

and reliance on familiar function words = fast mapping. We take parts of a word we know, and we build on that

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11
Q

what id infant directed speech

A

used to be known as parent or mother easy

when we talk in a certain way to allows them to understand what we are saying aka baby talk

( slow down, exaggerate words, give time to baby for reaction, higher pitch, louder volume. )

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12
Q

Steps to speech

A

Cooing (2 months)

Babbling (6 months)

Babbling + Intonation (8 to 11 months)

First word (around first birthday)

at 2 years we expect the kids to put a few words together to make a sentence

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13
Q

What is cooing

A

when baby is Producing vowel like sounds

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14
Q

What is babbling

A

Speech like sounds that dont have a meaning

eg. BAh Bah. BAh

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15
Q

Babbling with intonation

A

intonation like rising or falling pitch/duplication of babbling

MAMA, DADA –> babbling comes from language that they hear

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16
Q

Word explosion

A

happens at around 18 months

one day toddlers goes from 2 words to suddenly 50 words

17
Q

What is fast mapping

A

learning words and connecting it to other words

  • having an idea of what a word is so when they learn a different word, they try to associate the new word with the old word
18
Q

WHat is language acquisition device

A

Part of the brain that helps us to make inferences and figure out the answer related to words we were never taught

19
Q

What is Joint Attention

A

Constraints on word names , sentences, social cues and cognitive growth

eg. A chair cannot be a chair AND a table at the same time

20
Q

What are linguistic errors

A

Underextensions and Overextensions/overuse

21
Q

Underextension

A

when using a word that could be used for other words but only for 1 specific thing

eg. I call my family dog, dog but i dont call other people’s dogs , a dog

22
Q

Overextension

A

if I have an idea that a dog is a 4 legged creature with fur then overextension is when i say dog to a cat, a tiger, lion, etc.

another eg. Calling all fruits an apple or calling all women mom

23
Q

Referential Style

A
  • Vocabularies are words that name objects, persons or actions

eg. When they learn how to talk and they point when saying the word.

-language used as an intellectual tool to label things

24
Q

Expressive Style

A

Vocabularies include social phrases used as a single word

  • language used as a social tool to express feelings

eg. I want it!, Go AWAY!

25
How do children acquire grammar
Behaviorist Answer = BF Skinner - learning through imitation and reinforcement although it is not the best way to learn language Nativist Answer = Believed that children are born with the ability to learn languages (Language acquisition device) Cognitive Answer = learning grammar throught cognitive skills that helps them detect regularities, patterns in speech Social Interaction Answer = combination of all + learning gramma through interaction
26
What is the Broca area and Wernicke area
Broca area: regions on left frontal cortex - helps with combining words into meaningful sentences Wernicke Area : on temporal lobe . responsible for word comprehension to understand spoke and written language
27
Broca aphasia
Can comprehend but will have trouble with speech, struggle with forming sentences but will make sense of sentences - happens after a stroke or something,
28
Wernicke aphasia
Issues with language comprehension They start forming sentences with no meaning like a word salad even though they speak fluently
29
Encouraging word learning
speaking with children frequently - not in a punitive manner name objects to focus attention and use speech using different words. reading books and ask open ended questions importance of revitalizing traditional languages interactive learning - eg. sesame street
30
Turn taking
happens before baby even speaks by 2 years, turn taking occurs 3 years, they will elicit a response (repeat themselves, raise their voices)
31
properties of Sign language
Arbitrary units = many Signs do not have to be iconic Structure and meaningful = grammar rules must be followed Displacement = can be used to discuss events distant in time or place Generativity = used to create infinite number of new utterance