Chapter 9 Flashcards
What is phonology
Sounds of a language
- how words are broken up to soundd
What is Morphology
Rules of meaning in language - if you change certain words or rules, it can change what you are trying to communicate
Semantics
Meaning of the word
- what does the word mean
Syntax
structure of sentences
- How are words combined to make a sentence
Pragmatics
How language is used to communicate effectively
- requires understanding of context and social cues Eg. you can say the same sentence but depending on the context or cue, it can change
Pragmatics and children with autism
people with autism tend to have a difficulty with pragmatics where they cannot infer based on context and social cues
they tend to take sentences quite literally or factually
What are Phonemes
unique sounds that are building blocks of a languages
combining sounds with other sounds to make words
- Babies can hear phonemes that are not in their language
What is the critical age period for language acquisition
12-13 years (around puberty)
children who speak multiple languages and language development
it starts off delayed but later it evens out
How do infants identify individual words
using
stress patterns = stressing certain words
statistics = hears a sound over and over again
knowledge of how sounds are used = we have from the beginning
and reliance on familiar function words = fast mapping. We take parts of a word we know, and we build on that
what id infant directed speech
used to be known as parent or mother easy
when we talk in a certain way to allows them to understand what we are saying aka baby talk
( slow down, exaggerate words, give time to baby for reaction, higher pitch, louder volume. )
Steps to speech
Cooing (2 months)
Babbling (6 months)
Babbling + Intonation (8 to 11 months)
First word (around first birthday)
at 2 years we expect the kids to put a few words together to make a sentence
What is cooing
when baby is Producing vowel like sounds
What is babbling
Speech like sounds that dont have a meaning
eg. BAh Bah. BAh
Babbling with intonation
intonation like rising or falling pitch/duplication of babbling
MAMA, DADA –> babbling comes from language that they hear
Word explosion
happens at around 18 months
one day toddlers goes from 2 words to suddenly 50 words
What is fast mapping
learning words and connecting it to other words
- having an idea of what a word is so when they learn a different word, they try to associate the new word with the old word
WHat is language acquisition device
Part of the brain that helps us to make inferences and figure out the answer related to words we were never taught
What is Joint Attention
Constraints on word names , sentences, social cues and cognitive growth
eg. A chair cannot be a chair AND a table at the same time
What are linguistic errors
Underextensions and Overextensions/overuse
Underextension
when using a word that could be used for other words but only for 1 specific thing
eg. I call my family dog, dog but i dont call other people’s dogs , a dog
Overextension
if I have an idea that a dog is a 4 legged creature with fur then overextension is when i say dog to a cat, a tiger, lion, etc.
another eg. Calling all fruits an apple or calling all women mom
Referential Style
- Vocabularies are words that name objects, persons or actions
eg. When they learn how to talk and they point when saying the word.
-language used as an intellectual tool to label things
Expressive Style
Vocabularies include social phrases used as a single word
- language used as a social tool to express feelings
eg. I want it!, Go AWAY!
How do children acquire grammar
Behaviorist Answer = BF Skinner - learning through imitation and reinforcement although it is not the best way to learn language
Nativist Answer = Believed that children are born with the ability to learn languages (Language acquisition device)
Cognitive Answer = learning grammar throught cognitive skills that helps them detect regularities, patterns in speech
Social Interaction Answer = combination of all + learning gramma through interaction
What is the Broca area and Wernicke area
Broca area: regions on left frontal cortex - helps with combining words into meaningful sentences
Wernicke Area : on temporal lobe . responsible for word comprehension to understand spoke and written language
Broca aphasia
Can comprehend but will have trouble with speech, struggle with forming sentences but will make sense of sentences
- happens after a stroke or something,
Wernicke aphasia
Issues with language comprehension
They start forming sentences with no meaning like a word salad even though they speak fluently
Encouraging word learning
speaking with children frequently - not in a punitive manner
name objects to focus attention and use speech using different words.
reading books and ask open ended questions
importance of revitalizing traditional languages
interactive learning - eg. sesame street
Turn taking
happens before baby even speaks
by 2 years, turn taking occurs
3 years, they will elicit a response (repeat themselves, raise their voices)
properties of Sign language
Arbitrary units = many Signs do not have to be iconic
Structure and meaningful = grammar rules must be followed
Displacement = can be used to discuss events distant in time or place
Generativity = used to create infinite number of new utterance
