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PSY 2105 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Periods between conception and birth

A

Zygote period (week 1-2)

Embryo (week 3 to 8)

Fetus ( Week 9 to 38)

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2
Q

What is period of zygote

A

egg is fertilized in fallopian tube

Formation of Placental (between mother and developing organism)

zygote is called blastocyst after 4 days

At the end of zygote period (day 14) when the zygote is implanted to the wall of the uterus

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3
Q

What is period of Embryo

A

Formation of Body Structure and internal organs

3 layers are formed = ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

We have the umbilical cord that joins the embryo to the placenta

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4
Q

What is Period of Fetus

A
  • 9 weeks until after birth (approx 38)
  • Completion of body system development
  • Growth (especially cerebral cortex)
  • Genital organs development
  • Skin covered in vernix
  • Most common cases of miscarriages happens where
  • the fetus is capable to respond to physiological stress so their heart rate can vary
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5
Q

What is the age of viability

A

22 to 28 weeks

past week 27, they are able to survive

37 weeks is a full term

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6
Q

What is Vernix

A

Thick, greasy substance that protects fetus

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7
Q

What are the fetal behaviors

A

Movement starts at 4 months

Fetus hears moms heartbeat, sound, voice – helps with sensory experiences when born

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8
Q

What are the General risk factors during pregnancy

A

Nutrition = increasing calorie intake , consumption of specific vitamins (Folic acid/ Vit A)

Prolonged Stress = it decreases oxygen of the fetus, weakens mothers immune system, leads to unhealthy habits/behaviours

Mother’s age = not too young or too old. eg. after 37 years, mothers are being followed closely

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9
Q

Why do they focus on mothers that are over 37

A

because they’re are higher chances for complications at birth, genetic defects

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10
Q

What is a teratogen

A

An agent that causes abnormal prenatal development

they either pass through the placenta or directly attack at birth

They could be Diseases (passing through placenta or during birth), Drugs (examples are provided) or environnemental hazards

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11
Q

Examples of teratogen

A

Caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, aspiring, thalidomide, cocaine

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12
Q

What is FASD

A
  • type of teratogen linked to drug

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

  • caused by alcohol consumption in large quantities

-

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13
Q

What are symptoms of FASD

A

Physical disabilities (abnormal face development, heart problems)

psychological disabilities (attentional, cogntiive, behavioural)

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14
Q

Environmental hazards

A

can be found in food, water and air

  • eg. can be lack of access of clean drinking water (common in many parts of the world and First Nations for canadians)

exposure to insecticides and chemicals – can affect the endocrine system

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15
Q

How does teratogen influence prenatal development

A

Depends on genotype of specie- can be harmful to one more than the other (eg. thalidomide was okay on rats and rabbits but not on women)

impact changes over the cours of prenat dev: they harm particular vulnerable body systems at different points of prenatal development (meaning during specific stages of prenatal development, some stages are more vulnerable than others)

depends on the dose

the damage is not always evident at birth - but may appear later in life

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16
Q

What are the types of prenatal diagnosis

A
  • used to detect physical deformities and genetic disorders)

Ultrasound = uses sound waves to generate a picture of fetus, painless, detects facial expressions and physical assessments

Amniocentesis: needle inserted to abdomen to obtain amnniotic fluid sample - for genetic disorder

Chorionic Villus sampling : Sample tissue from chorion aka part of placenta - for genetic disorder

non invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) : testing fragments of DNA found in mother’s blood - genetic disorder

17
Q

How many Stages of delivery are there

A

3 stages

1) when the muscles of the uterus contract and ends when the cervix is fully enlarged (about 10 cm) – The baby’s head is near the opening of the uterus

2) Baby is pushed through the birth canal - THe head is completely out

3) Placenta is expelled

18
Q

How to prepare for child birth

A

Child birth classes

(info on pregnancy, what to expect, child birth)

Teach how to control pain, breathing techniques, relaxation techniques.

benefits as it makes moms more positivie about labour and birth - less pain medications before using epidural

19
Q

What is a doula and what is a midwife

A

A doula : provides emotional and physical support during labour and delivery; many also provide support in the days after delivery

A midwife : highly trained professional, provides prenatal care, care throughout childbirth, and follow-up care for several weeks following birth

20
Q

What the periods where parents tend to have risks of separating?

A

Right after birth, one of the times couples are at greater risks of separating

when children leave the nest (being together for the kids)

During adolescence, where each parent has a different opinion, and they don’t see eye to eye

Toddlers is another period

21
Q

What is a common risk for mothers after birth

A

Postpartum depression : – disrupts mothers’ ability to provide warm and responsive care for their infants

  • feeling like they are unable to connect with baby (goes on longer, accompanied with feelings of darkness and hopelessness)

There is also Postpartum obsessive compulsive disorder where Mothers have intrusive thoughts (on repeat on brain – eg. Harming the baby)

22
Q

What are possible birth complications

A

Hypoxia - if umbilical cord is pinched/squeezed and cuts the flow to baby (detected when heart-rate of baby will drop every time mom is pushing)

Fetus in distress - irregular position, too large —> C section is the solution

23
Q

Premature babies vs small for date babies

A

Premature -are babies born less than 37 weeks (22 weeks is viable)

Small for date babies = infants smaller than would be expected based on the length since conception

small-for-date babies are premature but not all premature babies are small for date

prematurity is less serious than small for date

24
Q

Why is small for date babies more serious

A

usually born to women who smoked or drank

they dont always survive or they have cognitive and motor devleopment delays

25
Q

What is a special care for premature babies

A

Kangoroo care: Skin to Skin and positive stimulation

26
Q

What are the types of assessements for new borns

A

Apgar test

Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale (NBAS)

27
Q

What is Apgar test

A

it assesses 5 vital signs in NB

Breathing

Heartbeat,

muscle tone,

presence of reflexes (eg. coughing)

skin tone.

28
Q

What is NBAS

A

Neonatal Behavioral Assessement Scale

it is a test to measure alertness and ability to interact with people

29
Q

Importance of reflexes

A

Prepares babie to interact with the world

Important for survival (rooting aka turning cheek when cheek is stroked, sucking)

Protect baby (blink, withdrawal aka moving limb when pricked)

For future Motor behavior (being held upright and baby starts to move legs)

30
Q

What are the new born states

A

Alert inactivity = calm, attentive, inspecting the environment

Waking activity = eyes open but unfocused, arms and legs move in bursts of uncoordinated motion

Crying

Sleeping

31
Q

What are the types of cries

A

Basic cry = starts oft and becomes intese (hunger, tired)

Mad cry = intense

Pain cry = sudden, long shriek then pause and grasping crying

32
Q

Baby sleeping state

A

infants sleep alot for the first 2 weeks

then they start sleeping in little naps and wake up when hungry

night time sleep shifts between 6 to 12 months

33
Q

What is SUID

A

Sudden Unexpected infant Death (healthy babies dying for no apparent reason)

34
Q

What are possible risks for SUID

A

Premature or low birth-weight,

parental smoking,

babies sleeping face down,

being too hot while sleeping

PSY 2105 (15 decks)

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