Chapter 3 Flashcards
What are the Periods between conception and birth
Zygote period (week 1-2)
Embryo (week 3 to 8)
Fetus ( Week 9 to 38)
What is period of zygote
egg is fertilized in fallopian tube
Formation of Placental (between mother and developing organism)
zygote is called blastocyst after 4 days
At the end of zygote period (day 14) when the zygote is implanted to the wall of the uterus
What is period of Embryo
Formation of Body Structure and internal organs
3 layers are formed = ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
We have the umbilical cord that joins the embryo to the placenta
What is Period of Fetus
- 9 weeks until after birth (approx 38)
- Completion of body system development
- Growth (especially cerebral cortex)
- Genital organs development
- Skin covered in vernix
- Most common cases of miscarriages happens where
- the fetus is capable to respond to physiological stress so their heart rate can vary
What is the age of viability
22 to 28 weeks
past week 27, they are able to survive
37 weeks is a full term
What is Vernix
Thick, greasy substance that protects fetus
What are the fetal behaviors
Movement starts at 4 months
Fetus hears moms heartbeat, sound, voice – helps with sensory experiences when born
What are the General risk factors during pregnancy
Nutrition = increasing calorie intake , consumption of specific vitamins (Folic acid/ Vit A)
Prolonged Stress = it decreases oxygen of the fetus, weakens mothers immune system, leads to unhealthy habits/behaviours
Mother’s age = not too young or too old. eg. after 37 years, mothers are being followed closely
Why do they focus on mothers that are over 37
because they’re are higher chances for complications at birth, genetic defects
What is a teratogen
An agent that causes abnormal prenatal development
they either pass through the placenta or directly attack at birth
They could be Diseases (passing through placenta or during birth), Drugs (examples are provided) or environnemental hazards
Examples of teratogen
Caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, aspiring, thalidomide, cocaine
What is FASD
- type of teratogen linked to drug
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
- caused by alcohol consumption in large quantities
-
What are symptoms of FASD
Physical disabilities (abnormal face development, heart problems)
psychological disabilities (attentional, cogntiive, behavioural)
Environmental hazards
can be found in food, water and air
- eg. can be lack of access of clean drinking water (common in many parts of the world and First Nations for canadians)
exposure to insecticides and chemicals – can affect the endocrine system
How does teratogen influence prenatal development
Depends on genotype of specie- can be harmful to one more than the other (eg. thalidomide was okay on rats and rabbits but not on women)
impact changes over the cours of prenat dev: they harm particular vulnerable body systems at different points of prenatal development (meaning during specific stages of prenatal development, some stages are more vulnerable than others)
depends on the dose
the damage is not always evident at birth - but may appear later in life
What are the types of prenatal diagnosis
- used to detect physical deformities and genetic disorders)
Ultrasound = uses sound waves to generate a picture of fetus, painless, detects facial expressions and physical assessments
Amniocentesis: needle inserted to abdomen to obtain amnniotic fluid sample - for genetic disorder
Chorionic Villus sampling : Sample tissue from chorion aka part of placenta - for genetic disorder
non invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) : testing fragments of DNA found in mother’s blood - genetic disorder
How many Stages of delivery are there
3 stages
1) when the muscles of the uterus contract and ends when the cervix is fully enlarged (about 10 cm) – The baby’s head is near the opening of the uterus
2) Baby is pushed through the birth canal - THe head is completely out
3) Placenta is expelled
How to prepare for child birth
Child birth classes
(info on pregnancy, what to expect, child birth)
Teach how to control pain, breathing techniques, relaxation techniques.
benefits as it makes moms more positivie about labour and birth - less pain medications before using epidural
What is a doula and what is a midwife
A doula : provides emotional and physical support during labour and delivery; many also provide support in the days after delivery
A midwife : highly trained professional, provides prenatal care, care throughout childbirth, and follow-up care for several weeks following birth
What the periods where parents tend to have risks of separating?
Right after birth, one of the times couples are at greater risks of separating
when children leave the nest (being together for the kids)
During adolescence, where each parent has a different opinion, and they don’t see eye to eye
Toddlers is another period
What is a common risk for mothers after birth
Postpartum depression : – disrupts mothers’ ability to provide warm and responsive care for their infants
- feeling like they are unable to connect with baby (goes on longer, accompanied with feelings of darkness and hopelessness)
There is also Postpartum obsessive compulsive disorder where Mothers have intrusive thoughts (on repeat on brain – eg. Harming the baby)
What are possible birth complications
Hypoxia - if umbilical cord is pinched/squeezed and cuts the flow to baby (detected when heart-rate of baby will drop every time mom is pushing)
Fetus in distress - irregular position, too large —> C section is the solution
Premature babies vs small for date babies
Premature -are babies born less than 37 weeks (22 weeks is viable)
Small for date babies = infants smaller than would be expected based on the length since conception
small-for-date babies are premature but not all premature babies are small for date
prematurity is less serious than small for date
Why is small for date babies more serious
usually born to women who smoked or drank
they dont always survive or they have cognitive and motor devleopment delays
What is a special care for premature babies
Kangoroo care: Skin to Skin and positive stimulation
What are the types of assessements for new borns
Apgar test
Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale (NBAS)
What is Apgar test
it assesses 5 vital signs in NB
Breathing
Heartbeat,
muscle tone,
presence of reflexes (eg. coughing)
skin tone.
What is NBAS
Neonatal Behavioral Assessement Scale
it is a test to measure alertness and ability to interact with people
Importance of reflexes
Prepares babie to interact with the world
Important for survival (rooting aka turning cheek when cheek is stroked, sucking)
Protect baby (blink, withdrawal aka moving limb when pricked)
For future Motor behavior (being held upright and baby starts to move legs)
What are the new born states
Alert inactivity = calm, attentive, inspecting the environment
Waking activity = eyes open but unfocused, arms and legs move in bursts of uncoordinated motion
Crying
Sleeping
What are the types of cries
Basic cry = starts oft and becomes intese (hunger, tired)
Mad cry = intense
Pain cry = sudden, long shriek then pause and grasping crying
Baby sleeping state
infants sleep alot for the first 2 weeks
then they start sleeping in little naps and wake up when hungry
night time sleep shifts between 6 to 12 months
What is SUID
Sudden Unexpected infant Death (healthy babies dying for no apparent reason)
What are possible risks for SUID
Premature or low birth-weight,
parental smoking,
babies sleeping face down,
being too hot while sleeping
