Chapter 4 Flashcards
Growth
Starts rapidly (eg. by age of 2, they are half their full size)
it slows down as they get older (preschool, elementary)
speeds back up in adolescence
Types of Growth
Cephalocaudal = head to foot)
Proximodistal = Close in to farther out
Control of gross muscular movement develops before control of extremities aka fine control (True/False)
True
What is secular growth trends
Generational changes where over time , what was considered average before is smaller than what is considered average now ..
What are the mechanisms for physical growth
Sleep (80% of GH are secreted during sleep)
Nutrition - at around 2, children tend to become more picky
Breastfeeding is optimal for providing nutrition
Adolescent Growth
Puberty = biological start of adolescence
timing differ between boys and girls
becoming taller, heavier and changes in primary/secondary sex characteristics
What are the different perspectives with puberty timing - psychological consequences
Kid may not feel ready (especially girls)
for boys, its a challenge when they mature later
What are the challenges to healthy growth
Malnutrition
Eating Disorders
Obesity
Disease
Accidents
Malnutrition
- Food insecurity common in Indigenous People
Damages infancy because of rapid growth
affects intelligence and ability to pay attention/learn
Short term hunger
what is treatment for malnutrition
Diet + Parent training to foster healthy development
What is Short term hunger
not eating breakfast (common around the world)
Breakfast is important and helps with attention and learning especially during period of rapid growth
Better fed child are less absent from school + Better achievement scores
What are the eating disorders covered
Anorexia = Refusing to eat + fear of being overweight
Bulimia = uncontrolled eating + purging via self induced or laxatives
Both are common in adolescent girls
What type of eating disorder is common in boys
Body Dysmorphic disorder
concerns with masculine physique - they see themsleves weak
What is obesity
Technical definition : upper 5% on BMI (BODY MASS INDEX)
common in Indigenous peopleW
What are contributing factors of obesity
Heredity
Parental influence
Sedentary Lifestyle
Too little sleep
What are treatment from Obesity
Weight loss program
exercise
changed eating habits
Parent training ofc
What are the top 5 killer of children worldwide
Pneumonia
Diarrhea
Measles
Malaria
Malnutrition
How are diseases preventable
vaccines,
improved health care
changing habits eg. Mosquito nets
access is a big issue
Accidents (teens and infants)
Car accidents – most common cause of death in adolescence
- Why? because still in cogntive development (frontal lobe aka the reflexion, decision making function is not fully developed)
…..more likely to make impulsives mistakes
Theres Burns, suffocations that is common in infants and toddlers
What is a common issue with accidents
Socioeconomic status and social inequities can affect outcome
Being able to access services, costs, travel expenses, taking time off work, not knowing how to navigate system, wait times
Ways to help protect kids from car accidents
Enforcing seat belt,
Car seats for little ones
Bike helmet
What is Rowens law
if kids are playing sports, we need to sign confirming concussions we will have to tell the coach, and they will not play.
Neurons
basic unit of nervous system
receives and transmits information
Cell body
contains machinery that keeps the neurons alive
Dendrite, axons, myelin
important for communication
Neurotransmitter
chemicals that carry information to neurons
Cerebral Cortex
wrinkled surface of the brain
consists of right and left hemispheres
corpus callosum
splits the cerebral cortex – forms left and right hemisphere
Frontal Cortex
controls impulse control, emotion regulation, ability to carry out plans
Where does brain originates
prenatal neural plate along with myelinization
Develops before birth
What is synaptic pruning
Gradual loss of unused synapses - weeks out unnecessary connections between neurons
EEG vs fMRI
EEG. = Electroencephalogram
- helps us track/see electrical activity in brain
fMRI = Functional magnetic resonance imaging
- as neurons fire, blood rushes to particular area. So you get to see this visually.
Brain specialization
regions specialize early = left hemisphere for verbal functioning)
regions becomes more focused and less diffused
develop at different rate
specialization through interaction with environnement (experience-expectant vs experience dependent growth)
A lot of plasticity – can relearn things, constantly adapt, can bounce back with issues that come up in brain . (Piaget)
What is experience expectant and experience-dependent growth
Experience-expectant = changes in brain where we expect someone to do something at certain age (point in development) . Eg. We expect them to speak at certain age
Experience-dependent growth = changes in brain not linked to specific ages and vary across culture and individual
What is brain based education
= a way to use different part of the brain and learning in a more engaging way
eg. Revel : engage while learning. – active learning
