Chapter 4

Question 1

Growth

Answer 1

Starts rapidly (eg. by age of 2, they are half their full size)

it slows down as they get older (preschool, elementary)

speeds back up in adolescence

Question 2

Types of Growth

Answer 2

Cephalocaudal = head to foot)

Proximodistal = Close in to farther out

Question 3

Control of gross muscular movement develops before control of extremities aka fine control (True/False)

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What is secular growth trends

Answer 4

Generational changes where over time , what was considered average before is smaller than what is considered average now ..

Question 5

What are the mechanisms for physical growth

Answer 5

Sleep (80% of GH are secreted during sleep)

Nutrition - at around 2, children tend to become more picky

Breastfeeding is optimal for providing nutrition

Question 6

Adolescent Growth

Answer 6

Puberty = biological start of adolescence

timing differ between boys and girls

becoming taller, heavier and changes in primary/secondary sex characteristics

Question 7

What are the different perspectives with puberty timing - psychological consequences

Answer 7

Kid may not feel ready (especially girls)

for boys, its a challenge when they mature later

Question 8

What are the challenges to healthy growth

Answer 8

Malnutrition

Eating Disorders

Obesity

Disease

Accidents

Question 9

Malnutrition

Answer 9

• Food insecurity common in Indigenous People

Damages infancy because of rapid growth

affects intelligence and ability to pay attention/learn

Short term hunger

Question 10

what is treatment for malnutrition

Answer 10

Diet + Parent training to foster healthy development

Question 11

What is Short term hunger

Answer 11

not eating breakfast (common around the world)

Breakfast is important and helps with attention and learning especially during period of rapid growth

Better fed child are less absent from school + Better achievement scores

Question 12

What are the eating disorders covered

Answer 12

Anorexia = Refusing to eat + fear of being overweight

Bulimia = uncontrolled eating + purging via self induced or laxatives

Both are common in adolescent girls

Question 13

What type of eating disorder is common in boys

Answer 13

Body Dysmorphic disorder

concerns with masculine physique - they see themsleves weak

Question 14

What is obesity

Answer 14

Technical definition : upper 5% on BMI (BODY MASS INDEX)

common in Indigenous peopleW

Question 15

What are contributing factors of obesity

Answer 15

Heredity

Parental influence

Sedentary Lifestyle

Too little sleep

Question 16

What are treatment from Obesity

Answer 16

Weight loss program

exercise

changed eating habits

Parent training ofc

Question 17

What are the top 5 killer of children worldwide

Answer 17

Pneumonia

Diarrhea

Measles

Malaria

Malnutrition

Question 18

How are diseases preventable

Answer 18

vaccines,

improved health care

changing habits eg. Mosquito nets

access is a big issue

Question 19

Accidents (teens and infants)

Answer 19

Car accidents – most common cause of death in adolescence
- Why? because still in cogntive development (frontal lobe aka the reflexion, decision making function is not fully developed)
…..more likely to make impulsives mistakes

Theres Burns, suffocations that is common in infants and toddlers

Question 20

What is a common issue with accidents

Answer 20

Socioeconomic status and social inequities can affect outcome

Being able to access services, costs, travel expenses, taking time off work, not knowing how to navigate system, wait times

Question 21

Ways to help protect kids from car accidents

Answer 21

Enforcing seat belt,

Car seats for little ones

Bike helmet

Question 22

What is Rowens law

Answer 22

if kids are playing sports, we need to sign confirming concussions we will have to tell the coach, and they will not play.

Question 23

Neurons

Answer 23

basic unit of nervous system

receives and transmits information

Question 24

Cell body

Answer 24

contains machinery that keeps the neurons alive

Question 25

Dendrite, axons, myelin

Answer 25

important for communication

Question 26

Neurotransmitter

Answer 26

chemicals that carry information to neurons

Question 27

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 27

wrinkled surface of the brain

consists of right and left hemispheres

Question 28

corpus callosum

Answer 28

splits the cerebral cortex – forms left and right hemisphere

Question 29

Frontal Cortex

Answer 29

controls impulse control, emotion regulation, ability to carry out plans

Question 30

Where does brain originates

Answer 30

prenatal neural plate along with myelinization

Develops before birth

Question 31

What is synaptic pruning

Answer 31

Gradual loss of unused synapses - weeks out unnecessary connections between neurons

Question 32

EEG vs fMRI

Answer 32

EEG. = Electroencephalogram
- helps us track/see electrical activity in brain

fMRI = Functional magnetic resonance imaging
- as neurons fire, blood rushes to particular area. So you get to see this visually.

Question 33

Brain specialization

Answer 33

regions specialize early = left hemisphere for verbal functioning)

regions becomes more focused and less diffused

develop at different rate

specialization through interaction with environnement (experience-expectant vs experience dependent growth)

A lot of plasticity – can relearn things, constantly adapt, can bounce back with issues that come up in brain . (Piaget)

Question 34

What is experience expectant and experience-dependent growth

Answer 34

Experience-expectant = changes in brain where we expect someone to do something at certain age (point in development) . Eg. We expect them to speak at certain age

Experience-dependent growth = changes in brain not linked to specific ages and vary across culture and individual

Question 35

What is brain based education

Answer 35

= a way to use different part of the brain and learning in a more engaging way

eg. Revel : engage while learning. – active learning