chapter 11

Question 1

What are the Origin of self recognition

Answer 1

by 15 months, infants start to show self-recognition

18-24 months: children look more at photos of self , and refer to self by name or personal pronoun

Self-concept comes from self-awareness

Question 2

Developmental changes in self concept

Answer 2

Preschoolers : egocentrist, mention concrete characteristics like physical , preferences, possessions, competencies

School age children: they start comparisons,

Adolescents: notice their own personality trait, however it varies with context and are future oriented

Question 3

Self absorptioin

Answer 3

Characteristics that adolescence undergoes – tends to be unhealthy:

• Adolescent egocentrism
• Imaginary audience = everyone is watching me
• Personal fable = Im unique (own little drama)
• Illusion or invulnerability = this only happens to others (survival mechanism)

Question 4

Search identity and culture

Answer 4

can be challenging because of ethnic minority

either we want to keep a strong ties or we follow mainstream culture which causes conflict with parents

Question 5

What are the stages of identity (marcia’s)

Answer 5

Diffusion

Foreclosure

Moratorium

Achievement

Question 6

Diffusion

Answer 6

Feeling overwhelmed, passive (they go along whatever)

Question 7

Foreclosure

Answer 7

being put in a box , still doing what parents want but not being fully committed to it. (eg. parents pushes you to become a doctor but you dont want to really) - lack of exploration

Question 8

Moratorium

Answer 8

Exploration is high - actively involved in activities , pushing to limits but cannot makes decisions yet

• lack of motivation so we go against what parents wanted for us
• very important stage to go through, otherwise theres a risk to going through a crisis

Question 9

Achievement

Answer 9

Deliberate choice after exploration
- the motivation part has returned

Question 10

Ethnic identities

Answer 10

Enculturation

Bicultural

Acculturaition

Question 11

Enculturation

Answer 11

• integration into culture

Question 12

Biculturation

Answer 12

Integration of traditional and mainstream

Question 13

Acculturation

Answer 13

Adaptation to a different culture

Question 14

What is the best mental health outcome for culture

Answer 14

Acculturation with ties to traditions

Question 15

Ethnic identity

Answer 15

Feeling a part of one’s ethnic group or sense of belonging to one’s ethnic group

Question 16

Self esteem and development

Answer 16

at first we were egocentrict but overtime we start to compare ourselves (age 4 to 5)

Question 17

Self esteem areas seen in elementary school years

Answer 17

Scholastic

Athelic

Social

Physical appearance

in adolescence there is more domains

Question 18

Where is self esteem highest

Answer 18

in preschoolers

then it drops when child starts to compare themselves

it stablizes end of elementary then can drop again in highschool

Question 19

Self esteem in cultures

Answer 19

another influencing point

Asian culture = value modesty, admit weaknessess, echew social comparisons

Question 20

John bowlbys attachment styles (like ainsworth)

Answer 20

Secure: trust , autonomy, comfort with closeness

Anxious: marked by fear of abandonment and insecurity

Avoidant: avoid intimacy and dependence

Disorganized : associated with inconsistent and confusing behaviors due to unresolved trauma

Question 21

Sources of self esteem

Answer 21

self worth is greater when child is skilled in area that matters to them

depends on parent nurturing, established rules concerning discipline

becomes high when others view positive

becomes low when other views negative

praise should focuse on effort rather than ability

Question 22

When faced with an apparent setback in their work:

Praise influences effort experiment

Answer 22

• children praised for their effort will work harder
• children praised for their ability will not try as hard

Question 23

Low self esteem: cause or consequences

Answer 23

it is both a cause of future harmful outcomes (eg depression) and a consequence of past difficulties

• lack of strong attachment bonds with parents are likely to seek a sense of belonging, identity and validation from outside sources, such as peers or other influential groups
• makes them more susceptible to adopting rigid , extreme or even harmful beliefs that provide a semblance of structure, acceptance or identity
• side note: Secure attachment instills critical thinking , empathy and balanced perspectives so children form a stable sense of self

Question 24

Describing others

Answer 24

starts with a focus on concrete characteristics (children) then becomes more abstract and emphasize psychological traits (adolescents)

• until age 10, children have a bias for seeing positive traits in others aka rose coloured glasses

Question 25

Selman and perspective taking (understanding others)

Answer 25

Increases with age and depends on cogntivie development

Question 26

Selmans stages of perspective taking

Answer 26

Undifferentiated

Social informational

Self reflective

Third person

Societal

Question 27

Undiffentiated stage

Answer 27

3 to 6

children know that self and others have different thoughts and feelings but they confuse the two

Question 28

Social informational stage

Answer 28

4 to 9

perspectives differ because people have access to different info

Question 29

Self reflectivve

Answer 29

7 to 12

children can step into someone’s shoes and view as others do

they know that others can do the same

Question 30

Third person

Answer 30

10 to 15

can step outside immediate situation to see how they and other person are viewed by a third person

Question 31

Societal

Answer 31

14 to adult

Realize that third person is influenced by broader personal, social and cultural context

Question 32

What is prejudice

Answer 32

A negative view of others based on group membership or antipathy based on a faulty and inflexible generalization

Question 33

Prejudice with age

Answer 33

Preschoolers and kindergarteners attribute many positive traits to their own group

declines during elementary school,

increases during adolescence due to internalization of prejudice in society and increased preference for own group

Question 34

How to reduce prejudice (4)

Answer 34

• Ensuring equality of status for all
• Encouraging friendly, constructive contact between groups that involve working towards a common goal
• Engaging children in role-play activities to help them learn about experiences of individuals from other groups
• Ensuring that adults (parents and teachers) support the goal of reducing prejudice