chapter 11 Flashcards
What are the Origin of self recognition
by 15 months, infants start to show self-recognition
18-24 months: children look more at photos of self , and refer to self by name or personal pronoun
Self-concept comes from self-awareness
Developmental changes in self concept
Preschoolers : egocentrist, mention concrete characteristics like physical , preferences, possessions, competencies
School age children: they start comparisons,
Adolescents: notice their own personality trait, however it varies with context and are future oriented
Self absorptioin
Characteristics that adolescence undergoes – tends to be unhealthy:
- Adolescent egocentrism
- Imaginary audience = everyone is watching me
- Personal fable = Im unique (own little drama)
- Illusion or invulnerability = this only happens to others (survival mechanism)
Search identity and culture
can be challenging because of ethnic minority
either we want to keep a strong ties or we follow mainstream culture which causes conflict with parents
What are the stages of identity (marcia’s)
Diffusion
Foreclosure
Moratorium
Achievement
Diffusion
Feeling overwhelmed, passive (they go along whatever)
Foreclosure
being put in a box , still doing what parents want but not being fully committed to it. (eg. parents pushes you to become a doctor but you dont want to really) - lack of exploration
Moratorium
Exploration is high - actively involved in activities , pushing to limits but cannot makes decisions yet
- lack of motivation so we go against what parents wanted for us
- very important stage to go through, otherwise theres a risk to going through a crisis
Achievement
Deliberate choice after exploration
- the motivation part has returned
Ethnic identities
Enculturation
Bicultural
Acculturaition
Enculturation
- integration into culture
Biculturation
Integration of traditional and mainstream
Acculturation
Adaptation to a different culture
What is the best mental health outcome for culture
Acculturation with ties to traditions
Ethnic identity
Feeling a part of one’s ethnic group or sense of belonging to one’s ethnic group
Self esteem and development
at first we were egocentrict but overtime we start to compare ourselves (age 4 to 5)
Self esteem areas seen in elementary school years
Scholastic
Athelic
Social
Physical appearance
in adolescence there is more domains
Where is self esteem highest
in preschoolers
then it drops when child starts to compare themselves
it stablizes end of elementary then can drop again in highschool
Self esteem in cultures
another influencing point
Asian culture = value modesty, admit weaknessess, echew social comparisons
John bowlbys attachment styles (like ainsworth)
Secure: trust , autonomy, comfort with closeness
Anxious: marked by fear of abandonment and insecurity
Avoidant: avoid intimacy and dependence
Disorganized : associated with inconsistent and confusing behaviors due to unresolved trauma
Sources of self esteem
self worth is greater when child is skilled in area that matters to them
depends on parent nurturing, established rules concerning discipline
becomes high when others view positive
becomes low when other views negative
praise should focuse on effort rather than ability
When faced with an apparent setback in their work:
Praise influences effort experiment
- children praised for their effort will work harder
- children praised for their ability will not try as hard
Low self esteem: cause or consequences
it is both a cause of future harmful outcomes (eg depression) and a consequence of past difficulties
- lack of strong attachment bonds with parents are likely to seek a sense of belonging, identity and validation from outside sources, such as peers or other influential groups
- makes them more susceptible to adopting rigid , extreme or even harmful beliefs that provide a semblance of structure, acceptance or identity
- side note: Secure attachment instills critical thinking , empathy and balanced perspectives so children form a stable sense of self
Describing others
starts with a focus on concrete characteristics (children) then becomes more abstract and emphasize psychological traits (adolescents)
- until age 10, children have a bias for seeing positive traits in others aka rose coloured glasses
Selman and perspective taking (understanding others)
Increases with age and depends on cogntivie development
Selmans stages of perspective taking
Undifferentiated
Social informational
Self reflective
Third person
Societal
Undiffentiated stage
3 to 6
children know that self and others have different thoughts and feelings but they confuse the two
Social informational stage
4 to 9
perspectives differ because people have access to different info
Self reflectivve
7 to 12
children can step into someone’s shoes and view as others do
they know that others can do the same
Third person
10 to 15
can step outside immediate situation to see how they and other person are viewed by a third person
Societal
14 to adult
Realize that third person is influenced by broader personal, social and cultural context
What is prejudice
A negative view of others based on group membership or antipathy based on a faulty and inflexible generalization
Prejudice with age
Preschoolers and kindergarteners attribute many positive traits to their own group
declines during elementary school,
increases during adolescence due to internalization of prejudice in society and increased preference for own group
How to reduce prejudice (4)
- Ensuring equality of status for all
- Encouraging friendly, constructive contact between groups that involve working towards a common goal
- Engaging children in role-play activities to help them learn about experiences of individuals from other groups
- Ensuring that adults (parents and teachers) support the goal of reducing prejudice
