chapter 1 Flashcards
difference between Plato and aristotle
Plato = said kids are born with innate knowledge (nature)
Aristotle = said kids knowledge is rooted in experience (nurture)
difference between Locke and Rousseau
Rousseau is more nature - we have an innate sense of morality and justice
Locke is more nurture - we are a blank slate (tabula rasa) and we need to focus on experience to build who we are
How did Darwin contribute to child dev
Darwin said that each individual from a specie differ from one another… he also played part in the establishment of baby biography
- baby = survival
What is Baby biography
it is detailed, systematic observation of a child (individual)
Stanley Hall
he is the pioneer of psychology aka made theories on child development based on evolutionary theory (darwin)
Alfred Binet
established the first mental test
what was the contribution of Applied Developmental Psychology
it is to promote healthy development with a focus families and children
What is the CPA
Canadian Psychological Association
What is the definition of a theory (in psychology)
it is an organized set of ideas that helps us explain and predict development
what are the 5 common theories/perspective
- Biological Perspective
- Psychodynamic Perspective
- Learning Perspective
- Cognitive Development Perspective
- Contextual Perspective
What are the theories covered within the Bio Perspective
Maturational theory
ethological theory
what is the difference between MAturational and ethological theories
Maturational theory - established by Gesell .–> child development unfolds naturally within a biological plan and it has less to do with impact from experience
Ethological theory - part of evolutionary perspective. it is how behavior is viewed as adaptive (behavior = adaptation) and they are examined for survival value.. aka it is maturation with a dash of evolution
U
being biologically programmed in a way where some kind of learning only happens at a certain time (or moment in a lifetime) eg critical period
What are the concepts in Biological perspective
Critical period
Imprinting
what is critical period and what is imprinting in development
critical period : it is a period where someone is most likely to acquire a skill eg. language acquisition happens or is facilitated before puberty .
Imprinting: creating an emotional bond between a child and the first moving object aka mom usually
example of critical period and Lorenz
goslings are biologically programmed to become attached to the first moving object they see as soon as they hatch . ability to create that attachment is called imprinting. this lasts about a day (critical period) from hatching is imprinting does not occur outside of that critical period
What is Psychodynamic Perspective
It is the development that is determined by how a child resolves a conflict at different ages (Freud and Erikson)
What are the theories covered in Psychodynamic Perspective
Freud - Psychosexual theory
Erikson - Psychosocial theory
What are freud’s components of personality
Id - impulsive
Ego - rational
Superego - moral
what are freuds stages of development
Oral - putting things in mouth (vs greed)
Anal - potty training (vs stubborn)
Phallic - mom vs dad
Latent - calm from 6 to 12
Genital - romantic, sexual interest
What is Eriksons stages of devleopment
sequences of stages defined by unique crisis or challenge ( there are 8)
What is Learning Perspective
empasis on experience in development and learning (pavlov and Skinner)
What are the theories in learning perspective
Pavlov classical conditioning theory
Skinner operant conditioning theory
Bandura Social cogntivie theory
What are Skinner and Pavlov theories
Skinner - operant conditioning
when reinforcements and punishment as feedback to a certain behavior in order to encourage or prevent that behavior
Pavlov - classical conditioning
when a neutral stimuli becomes association to a natural and automatic response
What is Banduras theory
children actively intepret events and respond based on their perception
- observational/imitation learning. (BOBO CLOWN)
What is Cogntivie Development
its the child’s effort to understand the world, environnement.
they revise and develop theories with experience
What is the theory in Cognitive Development Perspective
Jean Piaget’s Cog Dev theory
- considers children as little scientist
What are the stages in Jean piaget theory
sensorimoteur (born to 2)
préopératoire ( 2 to 7)
Operation concrète (7 to 11)
Operation Formelle ( 11 to more)
What is Contextual Perspective
determined by immediate and distant environment - influencing one another
culture
What are the theories under Contextual Perspective
Vygotsky - development has to do with belief, customs, skills,
Bronfenbrenner ecological system
What are the elements of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological System
Microsystem : direct links (peoples from work vs peoples at home)
Mesosystem: When different microsystems influences one another. (one microsystem influences what happens to another)
Macrosystem: Beliefs, identity, culture, etc
Exosystem: environnement we dont experience at first hand but it still has an indirect influence on our development
Chronosystem : linked to changes in those elements (micro, macro, exo, meso) or the individual’s age
What are the 4 themes of child development
Continuity of development (continuity vs discontinuity)
Impact of Nature and Nurture
The Active Child (vs passive)
Links between Different domains of Development
What is Continuity vs Discontinuity
This is about the path of development a child goes through as they grow..
will it be a linear path (Continuity) or will it change path throughout or at any point in time (Discontinuity)
What is Nature vs Nurture
Nature = Genetics
Nurture = experience/environment
Think of the identical twin research
What is Active passive child
Children were once viewed as passive of their environment
As they grown, some children become active as they will influence parts of their experience as well as other people around them
Parent-child relationship is bi-directional
What are the 5 domains of development
Physical growth
Cognition
language
personality
Social relationship
– they’re all interconnected
What are the types of systematic observation
Naturalistic observation: Researcher observes children in natural environment, difficult to replicate,
Structured observation: Researcher create a setting to elicite behaviours of interest
What are the cons in the types of systematic observation
Naturalistic: Hawthorne effect, ethical issues, we dont know if we will get what we were lookign for
Structured : Unnatural setting
What are the biases in observational studies
Observer Bias:
- Researchers may interpret behaviour in a way that supports the hypothesis
Observer Influence:
- Participants may change their behaviour because they’re being observed ( Hawthorne)
- Habituation allows participants to get used to the observer’s presence
How to collect the info?
Sampling behaviour: When direct observation is difficult ??
Self Report: Responding to questions, questionnaires, interviews
Physiological measures : good for attention, stress (heart rate/cortisol) , studies that focuses on brain activity
Requirement in research
We need is to be valid and reliable
The sample needs to represent population
What are the 3 interpretations of correlation coefficient
1) Variable 1 causes Variable 2
2) Variable 2 causes Variable 1
3) non of the variable is caused by the other. They are both caused by a third variable that is not measured in the study
What is Inferential Statistic
tests the likelihood that null hypothesis is true
What is field experiment
when researcher manipulates independent variables in a natural setting
What are the designs for studying age related changes
Longitudinal:
Microgenetic
Cross Sectional
longitudinal Sequential
What is Longitudinal (Pros, Cons)
Same children are tested across a span of a few years (eg 6 yrs)
Cons:
- Cost as it is expensive to pay the participants to commit
- Practice effects where kids will know what to answer,
- Selective Attrition where people would drop out overtime
- Cohort Effect where something mightve happened in the year were studying that did not happen in previous years (eg. Covid) –> results wont be the same
Cross-Sectional
Different groups studied within same year
A lot of individual differences but a quicker, cost effective research
Longitudinal-Sequential Study
Cross sectional + longitudinal = longitudinal-sequential study
children at different ages are tested across several years.
Microgenetic study
children are tested repeatedly over a span of days or weeks
What is meta analysis
using many different studies to address a single issue – Results from many are evaluated as a whole to answer a research question
What are the ethical responsibilities
- Seek to do research that benefits humanity
- Minimize risks to research participants
- Describe the research to potential participants
- Avoid deceiving the participants
- Keep results anonymous or confidential
- Give a debriefing afterward
What is quasi experimental design
includes groups that are not determined by random assignment
e.g., Children attending two different schools
