Chapter 14 Flashcards
Family as a system
parents and children influence each other and the family system is influenced by other individuals and institutions
Collectivist nature of communities where extended family and community play a role in raising children
Definition of family changes for everyone
What are the 2 primary dimensions:
- warmth and responsiveness
- control (demandingness)
What levels of primary dimension is best
High levels of warmth and responsiveness and moderate levels of control are the best
What are Parenting Styles
Authoritarian
Authoritative
Permissive
Uninvolved
Which parenting style is the best for children
authoritative parenting
Authoritative
High parental involvement + High Control
- explains rules
- open to discussion
- give and take between parent and child
- eg parent here will tell them no but will explain it to them, let the child speak as well
Authoritarian
Low involvement + High control
– No cus I said so
- no communication
- kids tend to shut down , feelings of depression cus what they say dont matter
- eg if child wants to go to an event the parent will simply say no and wont discuss it with the child even if they dont understand
*** Kids that experience this in culture where its common wont feel or think its negative simply cus its the norm
Permissive
Low control High Involvement
- accepts their child’s behavior , lack of punishment
- eg, if the child is asking to go to an event, the parent will simply say yes
Uninvolved
Low involvement + Low control
- parent avoids being emotionally involved with them only does the bare minimum
- eg the child will simply go to the event without speaking to their parent cus parent doesnt care and would rather not be bothered
What are behaviors parents use to influence their child
Direct instruction: Telling children what to do, when, and why
Observing: where child learn from watching others and from counterimitation aka what should not be done
Feedback: Reinforcement is useful, but parents often unknowingly reinforce behaviours they want to prevent (negative reinforcement trap)
Types of punishments according to research to be effective
- administered promptly and consistently
- accompanied by an explanation and suggestions for future ways of behaving
- administered by a person with whom the child has a warm affectionate relationship
Disadvantages of punishment
- Behaviours are only stopped temporarily
- Child may be too angry or upset to learn alternative behaviour
- Child may imitate aggressive behaviours of parent with peers and younger siblings, leading to behaviour problems
During time out …
a child who misbehaves must briefly sit alone in a quiet, unstimulating location
Time in?
Time in is an alternative method that is gaining ground in Early Childhood Education settings
Involves talking to the child immediately to help them understand
Infleunces on marital system (parenting and effects on kids)
- With parents, 1 thing that is most challenging for kids is when there is high level of conflict (doesn’t matter if theyre separated or together)
- As if they put a brick in the child’s backpack.
We want to minimize amount of conflict parents have
What is a time period that made conflicts worse and why
COVID
-It was an extreme situation. Parents had to be with kids and eachother all day, everyday
Impact of divorce on children
When parent gets divorce – biggest predictor on how child will be after the divorce
If parent don’t argue and see eye to eye, then the first year will be hard for the child and then they will be able to come around afterwards
1st year of divorce will be the hardest part of a child’s life ( cus it will be a first for everything) needs time to readjust)
kids with more negative effects happens when parents have a lot of conflict or when child is already more emotional
Kids in elementary school (old enough to understand whats happening and what its like living with both parents) and high school (identity formation where you want to be with your friends but the parents wants to see you cus they don’t get to see you as much as they did before) are most affected
Economic hardship – before it was 2 income that comes down to 1 single income
Blended families
most typical blended family is a mother, children, and a stepfather
Girls are more likely to process the feelings, they have more difficulty with step parents because they report to have higher levels of loyalty.. They will also take on a certain role eg. More parentified and so having a new person in the family it puts them off.
step parents are challenging. So having a defined role for the step parent is rlly helpful.
What should step parent do to be involved
if they are not the one to be disciplining but shows interest in child or teen, it can contribute to the most successful relationship
if step parent starts disciplining it can lead to conflict. boys are more likely to keep things in
When step family’s children’s are involved. We need to let children know that they still have the parent’s attentions : eg. Using Visual calendars –
types of grandparents
Influential
Supportive
Authority oriented
Passive
Detached
When is there a conflict between child and grandparent
when there isn’t a clearly defined role
Expectation in roles is really important
Grandparents in indigenous families and minorities
are often very closely involved in raising their grandchildren
Grandparents are especially active in the lives of immigrant and minority children, often taking on parental roles
Children of gay/lesbian parents
Doesn’t matter.
What matters is the parenting
First born, laterborn vs only child
First born with higher IQ (big time hands on parents, very invested and protected)
- could be cus More responsible, better at school, better problem solving abilities
Lateborn (more popular and more innovative, get attention, tend to be very funny)
parents tend to have more realistic expectations for laterborns
Only child are more like the first born
Adopted children
Most adopted children develop within the typical range
Traumatic start to life: it may be difficult until we develop a secure attachment
children Adopted very early or had good quality care when young then they will reap the benefits
Closed vs open adoption
Closed adoption is unhealthy and can cause identity crisis
Open adoption is recommended: possibility for the kids to meet biological adoption and talking about it to the kid unless otherwise parents want nothing to do with child
Qualities of sibling relationships
There can be rivalries
They also provide a lot of positive effects
We want kids to have their own identities to reduce sibling rivalries (More likely when theyre same sex and close in age )
Siblings get along best when (6)
- they are same sex
- neither is temperamentally emotional
- the younger sibling enters adolescence
- parents don’t show favouritism
- each has a unique and well-defined relationship with parents
- parents have a warm relationship with each other
Maltreatment and consequences on child
When children are abused, their social, emotional, and intellectual development is often affected
There is variability in how children respond to abuse
Children who are ego-resilient exhibit fewer negative consequences following abuse
maltreatment from adult pov
Caused by: adults who were abused as children as well
Back to oxygen mask analogy, if parent is dealing with their own mental health issues it is important to channel that first to prevent the risk of hurting their kid
If you are being abused, the best thing for your child is to break the cycle (most challenging but most rewarding)
What is ego resilient
Ego resilient – they become more adaptable in challenging situation tends to have fewer consequences
preventing maltreatment
Change societal attitudes toward acceptable punishment
Eliminating poverty and other stressors
Providing parents with better education about child development, parenting, coping skills as well as social support
Development of peer interation - what are the sequences
parallel play, associative play, and cooperative play
kids go through each step as they grow
Parallel play
I play side by side but not interacting (eg I play lego , you play lego)
Associative play
I am aware you are there so I take some blocks and you take some from me
Cooperative play
Lets play together house (includes make-believe games which is good )
- norm by 3.5 and in preschool
Benefits of make believe games
beneficial for creativity, problem solving and communication skills
influenced by culture
Children who engage in make-believe play tend to be more advanced in language, memory, executive functioning, and more sophisticated in understanding others’ thoughts, beliefs, and feelings
Solitary play
playing by yourself, sometimes it’s a good thing cus u think outside the box (divergent thinking)
but sometimes its not good cus ur shy or socially anxious
Some forms of solitary play may indicate problems with social interaction (e.g., wandering aimlessly)
Parent involvement in preschool children play types of roles
playmate, social director, coach, and mediator
secure maternal attachment
relationship contributes to positive peer relationships: positive parent relationship leads to child to have better peer relationships
friendships
Friendships become more complex with age
between 8 to11 - trust and assitance
Adolescence : Intimacy and loyalty
children and teens befrineds people who are similar to us , values and attitudes
Friendship effect on children
Children with good friends have higher self-esteem,
are less likely to be lonely and depressed,
better able to cope with life stresses,
less likely to be victimized by peers,
have greater self-worth as young adults,
tend to be more prosocial
Negative side of friendhsip
Friendships can be negative: co-rumination can be a problem (especially for girls)
friends sometimes encourage aggressive or risky behaviour
Romantic relationship
Important in early adolescence (sexual exploration)
1st relationship hurts the most cause we give our full 100. we are also more vulnerable
Groups/crowds
common during adolescence
undefined hierarchy (dominance hierarchy like gangs)
Peer pressure is common , can be positive or negative
When is peer influence strongest
youth are younger and more socially anxious
peers have higher status
peers are friends
standards for appropriate behaviour are unclear
Peer nomination technique - categories in children
popular, rejected, controversial, average, and neglected
Popular
well-liked by many and didn’t come up in the list of those being unliked
Rejected
Not liked but doesn’t appear in well-liked
Controversial
being well liked by many and many not liked , think of Regina George
Average
peppered in both
Neglected
Not mentioned in either
Impact of rejection
long-term consequences such as dropping out of school,
engagement in criminal behaviour,
experiencing psychopathology
- Parents can influence children’s rejection by modelling negative social skills and by providing inconsistent discipline that contributes to an aggressive interpersonal style
Rejected children can be taught social skills that contribute to peer acceptance
Childcare and afterschool activities
Beneficial to kids when it’s a good quality after school program
Latchkey children
When kids go home after school instead of after school club
children are those who sometimes care for themselves
**They need the maturity and responsibility to do this
they at risk of getting into trouble which is why the hours between 3 and 6 are the riskiest
Part time employment
Kids with part time jobs can be beneficial if they’re not working a ton of hours .
- provides opportunity to gain skills and mentoring, and earnings are used appropriately
Otherwise, it becomes a responsibility :
Characteristic of successful school
orientation to academic excellence
a safe and nurturing climate
parent involvement
progress is monitored
** academic achievement is determined by environment
