Chapter 14 Flashcards
Family as a system
parents and children influence each other and the family system is influenced by other individuals and institutions
Collectivist nature of communities where extended family and community play a role in raising children
Definition of family changes for everyone
What are the 2 primary dimensions:
- warmth and responsiveness
- control (demandingness)
What levels of primary dimension is best
High levels of warmth and responsiveness and moderate levels of control are the best
What are Parenting Styles
Authoritarian
Authoritative
Permissive
Uninvolved
Which parenting style is the best for children
authoritative parenting
Authoritative
High parental involvement + High Control
- explains rules
- open to discussion
- give and take between parent and child
- eg parent here will tell them no but will explain it to them, let the child speak as well
Authoritarian
Low involvement + High control
– No cus I said so
- no communication
- kids tend to shut down , feelings of depression cus what they say dont matter
- eg if child wants to go to an event the parent will simply say no and wont discuss it with the child even if they dont understand
*** Kids that experience this in culture where its common wont feel or think its negative simply cus its the norm
Permissive
Low control High Involvement
- accepts their child’s behavior , lack of punishment
- eg, if the child is asking to go to an event, the parent will simply say yes
Uninvolved
Low involvement + Low control
- parent avoids being emotionally involved with them only does the bare minimum
- eg the child will simply go to the event without speaking to their parent cus parent doesnt care and would rather not be bothered
What are behaviors parents use to influence their child
Direct instruction: Telling children what to do, when, and why
Observing: where child learn from watching others and from counterimitation aka what should not be done
Feedback: Reinforcement is useful, but parents often unknowingly reinforce behaviours they want to prevent (negative reinforcement trap)
Types of punishments according to research to be effective
- administered promptly and consistently
- accompanied by an explanation and suggestions for future ways of behaving
- administered by a person with whom the child has a warm affectionate relationship
Disadvantages of punishment
- Behaviours are only stopped temporarily
- Child may be too angry or upset to learn alternative behaviour
- Child may imitate aggressive behaviours of parent with peers and younger siblings, leading to behaviour problems
During time out …
a child who misbehaves must briefly sit alone in a quiet, unstimulating location
Time in?
Time in is an alternative method that is gaining ground in Early Childhood Education settings
Involves talking to the child immediately to help them understand
Infleunces on marital system (parenting and effects on kids)
- With parents, 1 thing that is most challenging for kids is when there is high level of conflict (doesn’t matter if theyre separated or together)
- As if they put a brick in the child’s backpack.
We want to minimize amount of conflict parents have
What is a time period that made conflicts worse and why
COVID
-It was an extreme situation. Parents had to be with kids and eachother all day, everyday
Impact of divorce on children
When parent gets divorce – biggest predictor on how child will be after the divorce
If parent don’t argue and see eye to eye, then the first year will be hard for the child and then they will be able to come around afterwards
1st year of divorce will be the hardest part of a child’s life ( cus it will be a first for everything) needs time to readjust)
kids with more negative effects happens when parents have a lot of conflict or when child is already more emotional
Kids in elementary school (old enough to understand whats happening and what its like living with both parents) and high school (identity formation where you want to be with your friends but the parents wants to see you cus they don’t get to see you as much as they did before) are most affected
Economic hardship – before it was 2 income that comes down to 1 single income
Blended families
most typical blended family is a mother, children, and a stepfather
Girls are more likely to process the feelings, they have more difficulty with step parents because they report to have higher levels of loyalty.. They will also take on a certain role eg. More parentified and so having a new person in the family it puts them off.
step parents are challenging. So having a defined role for the step parent is rlly helpful.
What should step parent do to be involved
if they are not the one to be disciplining but shows interest in child or teen, it can contribute to the most successful relationship
if step parent starts disciplining it can lead to conflict. boys are more likely to keep things in
When step family’s children’s are involved. We need to let children know that they still have the parent’s attentions : eg. Using Visual calendars –
types of grandparents
Influential
Supportive
Authority oriented
Passive
Detached
When is there a conflict between child and grandparent
when there isn’t a clearly defined role
Expectation in roles is really important
Grandparents in indigenous families and minorities
are often very closely involved in raising their grandchildren
Grandparents are especially active in the lives of immigrant and minority children, often taking on parental roles
