chapter 10

Question 1

what is the purpose of emotions

Answer 1

helps humans adapt to their environment

Question 2

What are the functions of emotions

Answer 2

fear = protect us from danger
- fight or flight/freeze
-body reaction to false alarm (perception)

happiness = strengthen social relationships
-we will be more likely to engage in social conversation

disgust = prevent exposure to potential harm substance that can make us ill

Question 3

What are the basic emotions

Answer 3

they are universal, subjectif feeling:

• Interest
• Disgust
• Sadness
• Fear

Question 4

What are the early emotional milestones

Answer 4

2 to 3 months: babies start to smile in response to your smile

6 months: stranger wariness develops

later childhood : complex emotions appear

Question 5

What is stranger wariness

Answer 5

fear of strangers

Question 6

What are the complex emotions that children develop

Answer 6

embarrassment, pride, guilt

they are more related to self consciousness

Question 7

more on experience and expressing emotions for kids 9 years and up

Answer 7

at 9 yrs , they experience relief and regret

children experience many emotions in response to situations . eg. fear

Question 8

emotions and cultural influences

Answer 8

cultures can trigger emotions differently

emotional expression varies : eg. asian culture value emotional restraint aka keeping emotions in and not overly expressing them

Question 9

recognition and use of emotion

Answer 9

4 to 6 months: is when you can start to identify facial expressions linked to emotions (social referencing)

in elementary school, kids understand that we experience mixed emotions

Question 10

What is social referencing

Answer 10

Relying on caregiver cues to interpret unfamiliar situations.

Looking at surrounding peoples emotions to interpret your emotions.

Question 11

Regulating emotions

Answer 11

• Before infants looked away when they encounter something frightening or confusing.
• they will also move closer to parent for protection and effort
• eventually they rely less on others and starts to regulate their own emotions

Question 12

What is poor regulation of emotions linked to

Answer 12

Peer interaction challenges

Adjustment diffuclties

Question 13

What is temperament

Answer 13

• behavioural styles that are fairly stable across situations
• they are also biologically based

Question 14

What are the patterns of temperament

Answer 14

According to Thomas and Chess, the patterns were established based off 9 dimensions .

Easy

Difficult

Slow to warm up

• they looked at biological based behavioural styles and consistency across the situations :

Question 15

Easy babies

Answer 15

Most common

• usually happy,
• cheerful,
• adjusted well in new situation,
• had regular routines for sleep, ear, toileting

Question 16

Difficult babies

Answer 16

less common

• unhappy,
• irregular in routines (eating and sleeping)
• responded intensely to unfamiliar situation

Question 17

Slow to warm up babies

Answer 17

also less common

• A bit like difficult babies (often unhappy) but they were not upset by unfamiliar situations
• they were only cautious with low activity level

Question 18

Temperament and hereditary influences

Answer 18

twin studies : identical twins are more alike in most aspects of temperament than fraternal

genetic impact varies by dimension and age

Question 19

Environmental contributions for temperament on genetics and biology

Answer 19

Parents behavior

genetic effects can be amplified

temperament can make children more environmentally susceptible

Question 20

Stability of temperament

Answer 20

• moderately stable through infancy but it is more consistent in preschool
• inhibited toddlers are most likely to become introverts as adults (they respond more strongly to unfamiliar stimuli)
• However, research reveals that temperament is not related to adult personality

Question 21

Children with positive temperamment

Answer 21

they tend to be less affected by life stressors

Question 22

What is attachment

Answer 22

enduring social-emotional relationship between infant and parent

• relies upon the infant growing perceptual and cognitive skills

Question 23

Western societal pattern

Answer 23

7 months : infants have identified a single attachment figure ( primary attachment figure)

• Usually first attach to mothers, then to fathers
• they prefer to play with fathers but prefer mothers for comfort

Question 24

Indigenous fathers involvement in attachments

Answer 24

showed challenges due to the disruption of “colonial interventions”, requiring culturally sensitive approach to overcoming difficulties in relationships with their children

Question 25

The Quality of Attachment

Answer 25

Ainsworth’s Strange Situation task: puts baby through a series of situations (parent absent/present) and (stranger absent/present ) - the baby's reactions are measured to test the quality of attachement

Question 26

Steps in strange situation

Answer 26

1) Shows the experimental room to mother and infant, then leaves the room. 2) Infant is allowed to explore the playroom for 3 minutes and mother watches but does not participate. 3) A stranger enters the room and remains silent, then talks to the baby, and then approaches the baby. Mother leaves unobtrusively. 4) stranger does not play with baby but tries to comfort it if necessary. 5) After 3 minutes, mother comes back, and consoles the baby. 6) When baby returns to play, the mother leaves again, this time saying " bye-bye" as she leaves. 7) Stranger attempts to calm and play with the baby. 8) Mother returns and stranger leaves

Question 27

Attachment classification

Answer 27

Secure Avoidant Resistant or anxious Disorganized

Question 28

Secure children

Answer 28

May be upset when parent leaves (temporary distress) , but stops crying on return

Question 29

Avoidant children

Answer 29

Not upset when parent leaves, ignores parent on return

Question 30

Resistant children

Answer 30

Upset when parent leaves, angry and inconsolable on return

Question 31

Disorganized children

Answer 31

Confused when parent leaves, still confused on return

Question 32

What are the benefits of secure Attachment

Answer 32

- leads to positive social relationships, due to the establishment of trust - Predictable, - responsive parenting is necessary for secure attachment - Infant needs a consistent internal working model (Must understand their relationship to parents)

Question 33

What are attachment classifications in adults

Answer 33

Secure Dismissive Preoccupied

Question 34

Secure adults ...

Answer 34

are more likely to provide sensitive caregiving and, in turn, have securely attached infants

Question 35

what is an important factor in intergenerational attachment

Answer 35

Self awareness

Question 36

Does childcare affect quality of attachment?

Answer 36

- Only when poor quality is added to the effects of maternal insensitivity - lack of responsiveness