Chapter 9 Flashcards
one of the most important periods in the history of American politics
Jeffersonian Era
two pf Jefferson’s chief advisors and policymakers who encouraged policies of moderation
James Madison
Albert Gallatin
a Swiss immigrant who was one of AMerica’s best financiers and served as Jefferson’s secretary of the treasury
Albert Gallatin
Jeffersonian customs
believed in education
got rid of stuffy state dinners
respected everyone
didn’t give messages to Congress personally
two institutions that Congress (aka Jefferson) set up on the west bank of the Hudson River in New York
Congressional Library
West Point (military academy)
the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams who set important precedents for the federal judicial system
John Marshall
one of Marshall’s earliest and most important decisions was the case of
Marbury v. Madison
one of Adam’s appointees who appealed to the Supreme Court for a legal writ ordering the new secretary of state, James Madison, to deliver his commission
William Marbury
why did Marshall say that they could not help Marbury?
because his request was based on an unconstitutional clause in the Judiciary Act of 1789
the first time that the Supreme Court has declared an act of Congress unconstitutional
Marbury v Madison
what precedent did Marshall establish with the Marbury v Madison verdict?
Supreme Court could nullify any act of Congress not in keeping with the Constitution
phrase used to best illustrate Jefferson’s idea of informality
Republican simplicity
Jefferson’s minister to France
Robert Livingston
who Jefferson sent to assist Livingston the negotiation to buy New Orleans for between $2-10 million
James Monroe
which political side opposed the buying of Louisiana
Federalists (loose constructionists arguing for strict construction in the instance)
which political side were for the buying of Louisiana
Republicans (strict constructionists promoting loose construction in this instance)
year the Louisiana purchase became official
1803
price of Louisiana
$15 million
amount of the $15 million that went to France
3/4 (the other went towards lawsuits against the French)
the greatest real estate deal in American history
Louisiana Purchase
two men that Jefferson commissioned to explore the new territory
Merriweather Lewis (Jefferson’s secretary)
William Clark
the number of men in the Lew and Clark company
50 (hunters, blacksmiths, boatwrights, gunsmiths, carpenters, cooks, soldiers, and several Frenchies)
name of the keelboat used by Lewis and Clark
Discovery
where the Lewis and Clark company spent the winter of 1804
with the Mandan Indians
the Shoshoni squaw who accompanied Lewis and Clark and served as interpreter and guide
Sacagawea
what separated the rivers flowing east toward the Atlantic from those flowing west toward the Pacific
Great Divide
explored part of the Louisiana territory and then ventured on into the American Southwest
Zebulon Pike
a peak in the Colorado Rockies discovered by Pike
Pike’s Peak
the high point of an extremely popular first administration for Jefferson
Louisiana Purchase
Vice President during Jefferson’s first tern who had become extremely unpopular among the Republicans
Aaron Burr
Burr’s plans to build a Western empire
Burr’s Conspiracy
the ruler of _________ tried to increase the tribute American paid for safe ship travel in the Mediterranean
Tripoli (modern-day Libya)
did Jefferson give Tripoli more tribute?
no; Tripoli declared war on the States
the best-known hero of the Tripolitan War (1801-1805)
Stephen Decatur
what was proved in the Tripolitan War?
the United States proved she was willing to fight for her rights when challenged
true/false: the Tripolitan war ended the payment of tribute to other Barbary States
false
who helped Burr raise a militia to build empire
General John Wilkinson
Burr was found ______________ of treason
not guilty (no evidence)
who got cold feet and turned in Burr
Wilkinson
British admiral who heroically defeated the French navy at the Battle of Trafalgar
Lord Nelson
issued by England which prohibited neutral ships from entering any European ports under Napoleon’s control unless they first entered a British port
orders i,n council
the two most important of the decrees issued by Napoleon in response to the orders in council which cut off all neutral trade with Great Britain and made neutral ships attempting to enter British ports subject to seizure by French authorities, catching American shippers in the crossfire
Berlin and Milan decrees
England’s forcing British sailors into the Royal Navy
impressed
when a British warship, Leopard, stopped American warship Chesapeake searching for deserters and ended up firing upon it, taking Americans that said were deserter, killing and wounding others
Chesapeake Affair
act which Jefferson convinced Congress to pass to prohibit American exports
Embargo Act -1807
fourth President of the US
James Madison
forbade trade with England and France but reopened American commerce with the rest of the world
replaced the Embargo Act
Non-Intercourse Act
bill that provided for the reopening of trade with all nations, stating that if either England or France would cease to violate the neutral commerce of the Unted States, America would reinstitute a no-trade policy against the other.
Macon Bill
true/false: Jefferson asked Congress to repeal the Embargo Act
True
two of the young stateman who had a vision and a faith that America would expand and become a great nation respected bu the world
Henry Clay of Kentucky
John C. Calhoun
because they insisted that AMerica must defend her honor by going to war with Great Britain, these young statesmen were dubbed
“War Hawkes”
a Shawnee medicine man that began to encourage the Indians to remove all white influence from their culture
the Prophet
the Shawnee chief who was the brother of the Prophet who traveled from present-day Wisconsin to West Florida, convincing tribes to join in a confederacy to drive the whites from their land
Tecumseh
the governor of the Indian Territory who set out with a force of troops to destroy the Indian settlement
William Henry Harrison
largely crushed the Indian confederacy, but individual tribes continued to make bloody raids on white settlements along the western frontier
Battle of Tippecanoe
Madison’s four basic reasons for going to war with Britain:
- impressment of American seaman
- violation of American rights within American territorial waters
- violation of America’s neutral trade rights by orders in council
- stirring of frontier Indians
ran against Madison in 1812
DeWitt Clinton
won the election of 1812
Madison
some of the reasons that financing the War of 1812 was problematic
bank charter expired
halt in foreign trade
refusal of loans
city surrendered by American General Hull to the British almost without firing a shot in August 1812
Detroit
fort Indians took on the present site of Chicago and massacred their captives
Fort Dearborn
a group of Americans under who built their own fleet out of wood hewn from a nearby forest and attacked a superior British squadron on Lake Erie
Captain Oliver Perry
Perry’s famous words to General Harrison in his report of the British defeat
“We have met the enemy and they are ours”
proved to be the most important naval engagements on the Great Lakes during the war
Battle of Lake Erie
his death at the battle of the Thames brought total collapse to the Indian confederacy
Tecumseh
the battle where Tecumseh died
Battle of the Thames
battle that forced the American withdraw from Canada
Lundy’s Lane
the ship under the command of Isaac Hull that defeated and destroyed the HMS Guerriere in the mid Atlantic only two months after war had been declared
USS Constitution
the ship that defeated HMS Macedonia
USS United States
ship that destroyed the Java
USS Constitution
as a result of the victory against the Brazilian ship Java, the Constitution won the title
“Old Ironsides”
the dying words of Chesapeake’s captain James Lawrence that became the rallying cry of the US Navy
Don’t give up the ship!
after burning the White House, the British fleet sailed up the Chesapeake to attack ______________, where they met fierce resistance
Baltimore
a strategic fort which guarded the entrance to Baltimore’s harbor in which the British fleet failed to destroy and gave up and left the Chesapeake Bay
Fort McHenry
Washington lawyer who wrote “Star-Spangled Banner” while aboard a British ship
Francis Scott Key
war/battle in which the “Star-Spangled Banner” was written
War of 1812/bombardment on Fort McHenry
a tough frontiersman who was put in charge of an army of volunteers
Andrew Jackson
Jackson decisively defeated the Creek Indians at the ______________________
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Jackson’s experience, determination, and respect he commanded from his men earned him the name
Old Hickory
famous Frenchman that led a band of pirates who accompanied Jackson’s army of tough frontiersmen
Jean Laffite
who took command of a point five miles south of New Orleans with the Mississippi River on one side and an impenetrable cypress swamp on the other
Jean Laffite and pirates
Jackson and frontiersmen
year in which the British general Sir Edward Pakenham made an all-out frontal attack
1815
America’s most heroic battle of the War of 1812 which was actually fought in vain because American and British officials had already signed a peace treaty in Europe
Battle of New Orleans
condemned the War of 1812 and echoed the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions by declaring the right of a state to nullify an act of Congress
Hartford Convention
a cease-fire that ended the War of 1812
Treaty of Ghent
year the Treaty of Ghent was signed
1814
American representatives that were sent to Belgium to discuss a treaty with England
John Quincy Adams
Albert Gallatin
Henry Clay
Jonathan Russell
James Bayard
benefits of the War of 1812
- America gained the respect of foreign nations
- war stimulated American industry
- war created a new spirit of nationalism
- war stimulated western expansion
