Chapter 18 Flashcards
Section 18.1
Section 18.1
the name for the great age of industrial progress that swept the nation affecting all aspects of American life
Age of Industry or
Age of Progress or
The Golden Age of the Railroad or
The Gilded Age
had become America’s most important means f transportation by 1860s
railroads
railroads carried ____________ of the nation’s internal trade
2/3
the railroad that began laying track westward from Omaha, Nebraska,
Union Pacific Railroad
the railroad that began construction in Sacramento, CA and drove eastward
Central Pacific Railroad
group who did much of the building of the Central Pacific Railroad
Chinese
The Union Pacific Railroad relied on ________________ to lay their tracks
Civil War veterans
Irish immigrants
place where Central Pacific and Union Pacific met
Promontory Point, Utah
date for the transcontinental railroad meeting at Promontory Point
May 10, 1869
railroad that spanned the fertile northern prairies
Northern Pacific
railroad that ran from New Orleans across Texas through Gadsden Purchase to California
Southern Pacific
scenic route carried eastern tourists and cargo from Kansas through the southwestern deserts to California
Atchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe
aided in the building of some 18,000 miles of railroad line in the United States
land grants
the fifth transcontinental railroad which linked the great Lakes to Seattle
was completed too late to take advantages of federal subsidies
Great Northern Railroad
the Canadian-American promoter of the Great Northern who used private funds and was forced to plan carefully and build economically
James J. Hill
the only transcontinental line to weather the storm of the depression that hit because it was built by private enterprise and individual initiative
Hill’s Great Northern Railroad
brought the greatest decade of railroad growth in American history
1880s
the organizer behind the integrated rail system was
he bought New York Central, which ran across the center of New York from Albany to Buffalo
Cornelius Vanderbilt
the best remembered business tycoon that built a great empire from railroads
came to control the rails of the Southwest
Jay Gould
major lines connecting key points
trunk lines
smaller lines bringing in business from diverse points along the main route
feeder lines
gradually over years rail systems adopted a ________
standard gauge
distance between the rails
gauge
the standard guage is
4 feet, 8 1/2 inches
introduced the sleeping car
George Pullman
railway safety and efficiency was greatly improved with the introduction of the
air brakes
introduced air brakes
George Westinghouse
dominated the telegraph network
Western Union Company
the American Railway Association divided the nation into four _____________________ to make Americans conscious of being on time
standard time zones
year time zones were created
1883
died with one had in the throttle and one on the brake, trying to save the lives of the passengers on his crashing “Cannonball”
Casey Jones
SECTION 18.2
SECTION 18.2
the last section of the country to be settled
Last Frontier
In 1858, gold was discovered near
Pike’s Peak
multitudes come to mine Gold in Colorado (Pike’s Peak) bearing the slogan
Pike’s Peak or Bust!
in the spring of 1859, rich deposits of gold and silver were discovered on the eastern slopes of the
Sierra Nevada Mountains (near Lake Tahoe)
the mine which yielded $300 million worth of silver in the first 20 years of operation
Comstock Lode
while miners in the West were seeking fortunes in gold and silver, other westerners were finding good profits in
beef business
descended from cattle brought to the New World by Spanish explorers and were lean, hardy, wiry, fleet of foot, and ill-tempered
Texas longhorns
industry that developed in Chicago and Kansas City as a result of the beef business
meat packing plants
the invention that made the meat packing industry more profitable
refrigerator car
a favorite route of for trail drives
Chisholm Trail
towns where herds met the railway lines
cow towns
examples of cow towns
Abilene
Dodge City
Ogallala
Cheyenne
people that the railroad brought
sheepherders
homesteaders
skirmishes that erupted between cattlemen and sod busters about the famers fences and the cattlemen of drives
range wars
an American explorer labeled the Kansas prairies, eastern Colorado, and northern Oklahoma in 1820 as the __________________ because he said it was useless for agriculture
Great American Desert
T/F: the Great American Desert was actually fertile
TRUE
most important factor to stimulate Western settlement
Homestead Act
year for the Homestead Act
1862
another factor besides the Homestead Act of 1862 that encouraged westward migration
extension of railroads into the West
a prairie home that was dug out of the side of a hill or ravine
dugout
prairie house that was harder to build than a dugout, but made a more adequate dwelling
sod house
the staple food of prairie families
corn
what homesteaders used for sweetening
sorghum molasses
wild honey
example of technological advancements for prairie families
steel plow (John Deere)
chilled-iron plow (James Oliver)
barbed wire (Joseph Glidden)
windmill
advancement that helped prairie families obtain water
windmill
substitutes prairie farmers used when they didn’t have firewood
dried cornstalks, corncobs, twisted hay
section of America that became the nation’s breadbasket
Great Plains
the largest flour mills in the world were owned by
John Pillsbury
the process Pillsbury used to make his empire of flour mills
flour milling
state largely populated by miners; entered the Union in 1864
Nevada
became a state in 1867
Nebraska
ranchers, miners, and famers brought this state into the Union as the Centennial State in 1876
Colorado
six states added to the Union between 1889-1890
N. Dakota,
S. Dakota
Montana
Washington
Idaho
Wyoming
struggle between which church and the federal government of Utah was finally resolved when the church officially banned polygamy
Mormon church
admitted to the Union as the forty-fifth state in 1896
Utah
what settlers were called in Oklahoma
boomers
eighty-niners
year the federal government announced that the frontier line was no longer discernible
1890
became the forty-seventh and the forty-eighth states of the Union
New Mexico
Arizona
Plain Indian tribes included the
Blackfeet
Dakotas
Cheyennes
Crows
Comanches
Sioux
Pawnee
Omaha
the main two animals that Plain Indians relied on heavily
horses
buffalo
the Colorado gold rush in 1859 sent thousands of prospectors into territory the federal government had guaranteed to the
Cheyenne
Arapaho
state which had a land rush
Oklahoma Land Rush (1889)
one of the most powerful Indian tribes of the Northen plains
Sioux
powerful Sioux chief that forced the Army to abandon three forts in the area and to cease all efforts to build the road through Sioux territory
Red Cloud
reason white men broke treaty made with Indians about Black Hills
gold found in the Black Hills
the breach of treaty concerning the Black Hils resulted in the
Sioux War
the most famous battle of Sioux War was fought in June of 1876 at the
Little Big Horn
attempted to capture what runed out to be a war party of 2,000 Sioux warriors
Colonel Custer
led the Sioux warriors against Custer
Crazy Horse
the medicine man that strongly influenced the 2,000 Sioux warriors that fought against Custer
Sitting Bull
Custer and his men fought bravely, but every one of the died in what became known as
Custer’s Last Stand
the Indians of Idaho that made a valiant effort to protect their land and won several battles and tried to escape to Canada
Nez Perce
led the Nez Perce
Chief Joseph
the fiercest southern plains Indians were
Apaches
the famous Apache leader that motivated the Apache warriors to continue fighting until his capture
Geronimo
the last battle between Indians and federal troops was fought at
Wounded Knee, South Dakota (1890)
Indian child adopted by white family and raised in a home with the Bible
started new Indian religion that was a perversion of Christianity
Wovoka
what Wovoka taught his followers to do which worked participants into an irrational frenzy
Ghost Dance
the influential Sioux leader when Wovoka’s Ghost Dance became popular with the young Sioux braves
Sitting Bull
novelist that published an influential book which pointed out the often unjust treatment of the Indians
Helen Hunt Jackson
document passed by Congress which broke up tribal lands into separate plots and offered 160 acres of land and U.S. citizenship to any head of an Indian family who would live separate and apart from any tribe and adopt civilized life
Dawes Act
year Congress granted full citizenship to all Indians
1924
the Dawes Act was __________________________
unsuccessful
passed by Congress to encourage traditional tribal life on reservations
Indian Reorganization Act
the are probably _________________ Indians living in the US today than there were when Columbus discovered America
MORE
a popular form of literature in the late 19th century which published tales of legendary men
dime novels
one of the best-known heroes of the early American West
Kit Carson
city name in honor of Carson which later would become capital of Nevada
Carson City
colorful frontiersman that worked for the Pony Express
William F. Cody
Cody’s nickname from his time as a buffalo hunter
Buffalo Bill
performed in WIld West shod and carried the leading role in a play called Scouts of the prairie
Buffalo Bill
another name for peace officers
lawmen
the two most famous peace officers
Wyatt Earp
Will Bill Hickock
Earp’s most exciting confrontation was
Battle of OK Corral
had skills with a rifle and on a horse that surpassed most men, was a Pony Express rider and a scout for General Custer
Calamity Jane
became a star in the Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Circus
dubbed Little Sure Shot because of excellent marksmanship
Annie Oakley
the three most ruthless of all border outlaws
Jesse James
Billy the Kid
Sam Bass
two mythical figure whose legends played important roles in frontier folklore
Pecos Bill
Paul Bunyan
told of the heroes and hardships, of love and legend
western songs and ballads
