Chapter 24 World War 1 Flashcards
years of the Age of Enlightenment
1700-1789
the ideas that led to the world wars began in England and gained momentum in France during the 18th century in a movement known as the
Enlightenment
thought patterns that eventually lead to actions, and coupled with actions make history
philosophies
the idea that man’s reason is the sole criterion for truth
rationalism
the theory that experience is the only source of knowledge
empiricism
the philosophical doctrine that the truth of all knowledge must always be in question
skepticism
religion of reason
belief in an impersonal God who, after creating the world, left it to run by natural laws and left man to take care of himself using his intellect
deism
during the Enlightenment. French thinkers rejected the doctrine of original sin and insisted that every man has a
divine nature within him
two of the most influential French thinkers of the Enlightenment were
Voltaire
Rousseau
Father of the Enlightenment
Voltaire
Father of French Romanticism
Rousseau
advocated revolution to overthrow the old order and to bring in a new order based on reason, science, and tolerance
Voltaire
believed that man is naturally good but society is bad, and though that men should not be allowed to own private property
Rousseau
years for The Age of Revolution
1789-1814
the desire to break loose from their established governments and rule themselves based on what they saw as “natural” boundaries of national origin
revolutionary nationalism
two alternatives Europe was faced with in the Age of Revolution
anarchy
dictatorship
first developed in German universities
became an increasing challenge to Protestantism in the 19th century with its departure from a literal acceptance of the Bible
“higher” criticism
the three most influential thinkers of the Age of Revolution were the German philosophers
Kant
Hegel
Schleiermacher
Kant’s philosophy that said the senses and the mind are sole avenues of knowledge and man cannot know God or the soul by either of these avenues
led to the modernist ideas of man’s “spark of divinity” and the “higher” criticism of the Bible
idealism
introduced dialectic thinking
(thesis+antithesis= synthesis)
Hegel
Father of Theological Liberalism
created a theology of feeling, teaching that one’s “feeling of dependence”, not his faith in God’s Word, is the important thing
Schleiermacher
began when theologians in German universities exalted their own reason above God’s Word, teaching that the Bible was a collection of myths, legends, and a few historical facts
modernism or religious liberalism
the attack of the modernists on the Bible contributed greatly to the acceptance of the false philosophy of
evolution
popularized evolution
Darwin
one natural result of Darwinism is
materialism (also called naturalism or determinism)
the idea that matter is the only reality and that everything in the world, including thought, will and feeling, can be explained in terms of matter
reduces man to a complex machine whose personality is merely an interrelation of chemical and physical properties
living as is material things are all important and spiritual things have no importance
materialism
belief that all economic, political, and social life must be planned, controlled, and regulated by the state to insure “the greatest good for the greatest number”
socialism
most responsible for the rise of modern socialism
Karl Marx (Father of Communism)
a form of socialism which requires a violent, bloody revolution in order to set up a totalitarian dictatorship
communism
the main difference between Communism and Socialism lies in their
methods of reform
socialism– legislation, regulation, taxation
communism– violent revolution
the most notable socialist group in Europe
Social Democratic Party
the US tried to alleviate these tensions and promote peace by taking part in two international peace conferences held at the
Hague
the first conference at Hague resulted in the
establishment of a Permanent Court of Arbitration
became well known for his work in settling international disputes through arbitration
William Jennings Bryan
one of the most aggressively militaristic nations was
Germany
the aggressive militaristic leader of Germany in early 1900s
Kaiser Wilhelm II
the two opposing alliances in Europe
Triple Alliance
Triple Entente
the Triple Alliance consisted of the countries
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
the Triple Entente consisted of the countries
Great Britain
France
Russia
became the center of European rivalry
Balkan Peninsula
event that sparked World War I
assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife
in its day, World War I was known as
the Great War
the opposing forces in World War I
Central Powers vs. Allies
the Central Powers consisted of the countries
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Turkey
the Allies included the countries
Great Britain
France
Russia
Serbia
Belgium
Romania
Japan
Portugal
Montenegro
Greece
Italy
as soon as war broke out in Europe, President Wilson issued a declaration of
neutrality
intentional destruction of property
sabotage
even more important than economic considerations in WWI was the principle of
freedom of the seas
items that, according to the international law, may be seized when headed for an enemy port in wartime
contraband of war
the new weapon that the German navy introduced in WWI
U-boats
the large British luxury liner that was sunk by the Germans in 1915
Lusitania
the name for Germany pledging not to sink merchant vessels “without warning an without saving human lives, unless these ships attempt to escape or offer resistance”
Sussex Pledge
two events that helped to bring the US into WWI
unrestricted submarine warfare
the Zimmerman note
passed by Congress and provided for an increase in the size of the regular army and the organizing of a national guard of 450,000 men
National Defense Act
the date the US entered WWI
April 6,1917
passed after declaring war
required all men from age 21 through age 30 to register with local draft boards
Selective Service Act
Americans demonstrated their patriotism through their enthusiastic response to the four ___________ drives conducted during the war and the _____________ drive conducted in 1919 to help “finish the job”
Liberty Loan
Victory Loan
where is the World Court?
the Hague, Netherlands
created by the federal government to regulate all phases of industrial production and distribution
War Industries Board
the federal government controlled the nation’s railroads and placed them under the supervision of Secretary of the Treasury
William G. McAdoo
was created to act as a court of arbitration to settle labor disputes
National War Labor Board
headed the National War Labor Board
William Howard Taft
wrote American’s Creed
William Tyler Page
a Food Administration was created under the leadership of
a mining engineer who had become well known for his relief work in Belgium
Herbert Hoover
was established to supervise the rationing of fuel in both factories and homes
Fuel Administration
during the summer months of the war, the US saved fuel by switching to
daylight-savings time
organization that the government created to carefully plan a campaign to help keep morale high
Committe of Public Information
provided for stiff penalties for anyone who furnished information which would aid the enemy, obstruct recruiting, or encourage insubordination in the armed forces
Espionage Act
arrested under the terms of the Espionage Act for influencing the radical Industrial Workers of the World to become the only significant group to openly oppose America’s role in WWI
Eugene Debs
where millions of soldiers faced each other in WWI
trenches
in WWI, Germany introduced the use of
poison gas
a French fortress city where the French had forced the Germans to retreat
Verdun
introduced the tank
British
battle where the British introduced the tank
Battle of the Somme
battle in which the British had badly crippled the German fleet of destroyers, battleships, and cruisers, making it nearly inactive
Battle of Jutland
American navy’s greatest contribution to Allies in WWI
fast destroyers
how much WWI cost America to fight
$33.5 billion
appointed by President Wilson to be commander of the American troops in France
General John J Pershing
American soldiers were often called
doughboys
pilots who downed at least five enemy craft were called
aces
the most famous ace who destroyed 20 enemy planes and several balloons
Eddie Rickenbacker
a group of radical Communists who had come to power in Russia in November 1917
Bolsheviks
led the Bolsheviks
Lenin
made the peace between Russi and Germany official
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
a German famous long-range gun used by Germany to bombard Paris
Big Bertha
General Pershing agreed to put all American troops under the temporary command of the French commander of the Allied forces
Marshal Foch
the tide of the war began to turn against the Germans when America’s First Division stormed the fortified position of
Cantigny
where America’s Second and Third Divisions joined the French __________________ and helped to drive the Germans from ________________
north of the Marne
Belleau Wood
American troops helped Foch make an attack against a fortified German defense line formed by an intricate system of deep trenches and dugouts known as the
Hindenburg Line
one of the major accomplishments of the American forces in the Allied counteroffensive was the capturing of
St. Mihiel
became a hero of the Meuse-Argonne campaign by single-handedly killing 20 Germans and capturing 132 more
Alvin York
President Wilson listed this as the only possible program for world peace
Fourteen Points
date of the end of the WWI
November 11,1918
national name for the holiday on November 11, 1918
Veterans Day
once an armistice had stopped the fighting of WWI, the powers of the world called for a peace conference to convene in Paris
January 1919
President at the end of WWI
Wilson
the “Big Four” at the Versailles Peace Conference
President Wilson of US
PM David Lloyd Geord of England
Premier Clemenceau of France
PM Orlando of Italy
at Wilson’s insistence, the delegates at Versailles appointed a special commission to draw up a __________ for an international body
covenant
besides Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the covenant of the League of Nations, some other important provision of the Treaty of Versailles were
- German territorial losses
- Demilitarization of Germany
- Reparation and admission of guilt from Germany
the only important nation that did not join the League of Nations
US
chairman of the influential Senate Foreign Relations Committee that was strongly opposed to accepting the treaty unless steps were taken to ensure against the jeopardizing of American sovereignty
Henry Cabot Lodge
a series of fourteen reservations to the treaty that President Wilson found unacceptable were called the
Lodge Reservations
