Chapter 20- Life in the Gilded Age Flashcards
dubbed the Age of Industry the Gilded Age because of the underlying corruptness of it
Mark Twain
the ratio of native born Americans to immigrants
6 to 1
encouraged 10,000 Chinese immigrants to come to America
Central pacific Railroad
retired missionary to China that started a Presbyterian mission for the Chinese in San Francisco
William Speer
adopted by Congress which barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States for 10 years
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
by the 1910, eastern Europeans accounted for ____________ of America’s total number of immigrants
70%
because immigration during this era was from different parts of the world than before, it is referred to as the
New Immigration
ravaged the nation’s fastest-growing city
Great Chicago Fire of 1871
the Chicago fire was a blessing in disguise because …
the rebuilding eliminated many problems of the old cities
improved life in poor neighborhoods by helping local residents in time of need and train ways to better care for their families
settlement houses
founded one of the earliest and best known of the settlement houses in America
Jane Addams
the name of Addams settlement house
Hull House
wrote The Experiences of the A.C.
Bayard Taylor
wrote The Experiences of the A.C.
Bayard Taylor
A.C stands for
Arcadian Club
what changed mister Billings drastically?
AC
decided what people would eat or not eat
Mallory
the goal of the AC
live in unity with nature
purify themselves
members of the AC
Shelldrakes
Hollins
Mallory
Eunice
Miss Ringtop
Billings
Brown
what did Brown hide?
salt
who decided that nobody should hold anything about each other?
Hollins
what gave them loose tongues and gave offense to each other?
alcohol (Mallory suggested)
what put an end to the AC?
offensive language and degrading opinions of each other
how long did the AC last?
2 days
why is the Experiences of the AC a satire of Transcendentalism?
it was making fun of the idea of fully living in nature because of the lack of acknowledgement to sin nature
Walden and The Experiences of AC are similar in that they both are about
Transcendentalism
wrote I Hear America Singing
Walt Whitman
America’s first modern poet
Whitman
Leaves of Grass was the start of the
free verse
Whitman had a warmth for President
Lincoln
I Hear America Singing is about
the common worker
theme of I Hear America…
joy in the ability of choosing own occupation
Whitman uses ____________ throughout I Hear America…
cataloguing (lists)
wrote When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d
Whitman
who suffers with death according to Whitman?
the living
When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloomd is about
President Lincoln
the star is a metaphor for
Lincoln
lilac is a metaphor for
love
Whitman uses cataloguing technique to descibe
America’s mourning
provides comfort and consolation to Whitman because of Lincoln’s death
bird (song of bird)
a relief from pain; brings comfort to those hurtin
death
wrote O Captain! My Captain!
Walt Whitman
the captain is a metaphor for
Lincoln
the ship is a metaphor for
America
the trip is a metaphor for
Civil War
wrote A Noiseless, Patient Spider
Whitman
is like the spider
human’s soul
because writer is not seeking God he is unable to
latch unto anything
before the Civil War, mass transit in AMerican cities was primarily by
omnibus or horse railway
beginning with New York in 1870s, cities began to use what to carry passengers above the crowded streets
elevated steam railways
means of transportation introduced in San Francisco in the 1870s which ran on a track and had a clamp which extended through a slot in the pavement
cable car
means of transportation introduced by Boston in 1897
subway
the most practical and most widely used means of urban transit in the late 19th century was
ran on a track and was propelled by its connection to electric wires which stretched above the city streets
electric trolley car
the first practical trolly car line went into operation in
Richmond, VA
transportation was greatly aided by advances in
bridge building
best symbolizes the advancement in bridges
the largest suspension bridge in the world when it was completed in 1883
Brooklyn Bridge
the chief engineer for the Brooklyn Bridge that died in the construction of the bridge
John A. Roebling
often referred to as “the eighth wonder of the world”
Brooklyn Bridge
most notable of the American architects in the 19th century which designed buildings to go up
Father of the Modern Skyscraper
Louis Sullivan
the main buildings of the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago
inspired the City Beautiful movement
White City
architect under whose influence cities were made more attractive and enjoyable with the creation of public parks
Frederick Law Olmsted
a special attraction at the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893 that was a rival to Paris Exposition’s Eiffel Tower
Ferris wheel
Section 20.2- Industrial Labor
Section 20.2- Industrial Labor
two early attempts of local trade unions
National Labor Union
Knights of Labor
the first successful national labor union
American Federation of Labor (A.F of L.)
founded the first successful national labor union
Samuel Gompers
although Gompers opposed violence and anarchism, he supported the use of the
strike (refusal to work
a group of employees that refuse to work in order to force employers to pay higher wages
labor strikes
the most important strike of the era that began in Chicago
Pullman Strike of 1894
issued by the government demanding that the Pullman strike end
injunction (court order forbidding the performance of a particular act)
one of the union leaders who went to jail for refusing to obey the injunction
later became a leader among American socialists and ran for President five times on the Socialist party ticket
Eugene Debs
Section 20.3- Daily life in an Age of Affluence
Section 20.3
by late 19th century, many middle class homes boasted invention such as
sewing machines
phonographs
gas lights
bathrooms
housewives benefited from such innovations as
canned foods
efficient iceboxes
ready-made clothes
carpet sweepers
telephone
commercial laundry
offered the customer a wide selection, in a particular type of product, such as groceries or dry goods
took the place of the general store in cities and towns
specialty shops
could offer the customer a broad array of merchandise at money-saving prices
chain stores
an early store chain
Great Atlantic and Pacific Company
five and ten cent variety store chain founded in 1879
F.W. Woolworth
further increased convenience in shopping
had everything under one roof
department store
first person to have a department store
John Wanamaker
had the customer slogan in his department store in Chicago: “Give the Lady what she wants”
Marshall Field
first state to grant women full political privilege
Wyoming
two women who led women’s rights movements during era
Stanton
Anthony
by 1896, Colorado, Utah, and Idaho adopted women’s
suffrage
a Milwaukee printer and editor who perfected the typewriter in 1868
Christopher Sholes
first typewritten manuscript to go to a printer
Adventures of Tom Sawyer
created a whole new field of employment for American women
telephone
telegraph
quickly became the national pastime (national mania)
baseball
the first professional baseball team
Cincinnati Red Stockings
was organized when there were several professional teams
National League of Professional Baseball Players
sport invented in 1891 to be a vigorous sport that could be played indoors during the winter months
basketball
invented basketball
James Naismith
one of the favorite spectator sport
football
boxing match which introduced a more gentle form of boxing
Gentlemen Jim Corbett v John Sullivan
organized a traveling tent circus
P.T Barnum
because the 1890s was such an exciting time it is called
Gay Nineties
provided humorous entertainment which was modeled after British musical hall
Vaudeville
opened in 1890 and was frequently the site of the prestigious events such as the National Horse Show
Madison Square Garden
the best amusement park was New York City’s
Coney Island
the greatest craze of the decade was
bicycling
era that gave birth to the soda fountain
Gay Nineties
the two most important institutions in rural America
local church
general store
opened the first mail-order business in 1872
Aaron Ward
place where rural families could find nearly anything imaginable
Sears & Roebuck Catalog
Section 20.4- The Growing Influence of Christianity
Section 20.4
by 1890, eleven out of twelve high school graduates in the US were products of ______________, most of which were associated with a particular _____________
private academics
church
established a fund to promote education in the South
George Peabody
America’s best-known urban evangelist
Dwight L. Moody
Moody’s song leader
Ira Sankey
five other preachers who had profound impact on America in late 1890s
R. A. Torry
Talmage
Jones
Carroll
Chapman
founded and supervised by Moody
provided young people with training that prepared them for Christian service
Moody Bible Institute
served as first superintendent of Moody’s Bible Institute
R.A Torrey
one of the best-known urban evangelists
labeled by Moody as “greatest evangelist in the country”
Chapman
demonstrated his intellect in his multivolume An Interpretation of the English Bible
Carroll
rescue mission founded in Chicago to help outcasts
Pacific Garden Mission
organization founded William Booth
Salvation Army
two methods people on frontier could hear Gospel
home missionaries
circuit-riding preachers
brough many Americans to Alaska
gold rush
two islands annexed to US that became home mission fields
Hawaii
Puerto Rico
one of the best-known home missionaries of the 1890s era
Sheldon Jackson
place where Moody sponsored a Christian Conference in which many colleges dedicated themselves to foreign missions
Mount Hermon
college movement that had the motto “to evangelize the world in this generation”
Student Volunteer movement
Chinese missionary that had a great influence on his own country
Charles Jones Soong
the spouses of two of Soong’s daughters
Dr. Sun Yatsen (ruler of China in 20th century)
Chiang Kai-Shek (Chinese political leader)
Sheldon Jackson is best remembered for
introducing reindeer to Alaska
Section 20.5- Advances in Ed, Journalism, Social Reform
Section 20.5
the advancement in _______________ education was noteworthy
secondary
America’s first ____________________ were opened in St. Louis
kindergartens
percent of American people that were literate by 1900
90%
wrote Pledge of Allegiance
Franis Bellamy
type colleges that boomed
private colleges
the oldest and most prestigious college in the country
Harvard
set the examples for offering graduate programs
John Hopkins University
granted each state 30,000 acres for each of its senators and representatives
Morill Act
many states used the money from the sale of land provided by Morrill Acts for
land grant colleges
land grant colleges helped to popularize a new trend by accepting
women
donated millions of dollars to the establishment of public libraries
Carnegie
adult education movement that began as a training session for Sunday School teachers
Chautauqua movement
words added to pledge of allegiance in 1954
“under God”
largest denominations in 19 century
- Methodist
- Baptist
was organized in 1869 as one of the voices that kept the liquor question constantly before the public
National Prohibition party
organization which did much to combat the use of alcohol
Woman’s Christian Temperence Union (WCTU)
the most dynamic leader of the WCTU
was in charge of Moody’s women’s meetings for a while
Frances Willard
important development in the newspapers and magazines that printed on both sides of paper at the same time
web press
development which cast rows of type directly from molten metal
linotype machine
two things that greatly aided the speed with which newsmen could get news to their readers
telegraph networks
transatlantic cable
the first publisher to reach a large audience
one of America’s best-known publishers
Joseph Pulitzer
yearly award given in journalism, literature, drama, and music
Pulitzer Prizes
Another newspaper that reached massive circulation late in the century was the New York Journal, owned by
William Randolph Hearst
younger reporter sent by the New York Herald to find Missionary David Livingston
Henry M. Stanley
Stanley’s greeting to Livingstone that have become a classic understatement:
“Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”
Section 20.6- Literature in the Late 19th Century
Section 20.6
most of America’s literature before the Civil War was ________________ in character
Romantic
writers that became prominent in the latter half of the 19th century
the writing style that employed picturesque details, reflecting the scenery, customs, and dialect of a specific geographical area
Realistic
Realistic writer that described the lives of “typical boys”
Mark Twain
one of the earliest color writers that wrote about the life he found in the Far West after moving from New York to California
Bret Harte
wrote Uncle Remus tales
Joel Harris
famous for his novel the Hoosier Schoolmaster that gave vivid description of life in Indiana
Edward Eggleston
the most famous of the local writers
Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain)
one of the best-known authors of the era that dealt with social issues and the differences between European and American cultures
Henry James
the bestsellers of the late 19th century were the Christian classics
Ben-Hur
In His Steps
wrote Ben-Hur
Lew Wallace
published In His Steps
Charles Sheldon
famouse poet who wrote poems about Lincoln
Walt Whitman
one of most accomplished poets of the South
Sidney Lanier
reclusive poet whose poems were published after death
Emily Dickinson
the Hoosier Poet
James Whitcomb Riley
three Naturalistic writers
Hamlin Garland
Stephen Crane
Jack London
