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AP Biology > Chapter 8: Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes Flashcards

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1
Q

Blending Inheritance

A

gametes contained “hereditary derminants (genessss)” that blended
think inks of different colors
short and tall = medium
smooth seed and wrinkled seed = intdeterminate
this would create the loss of parental characteristics
not real anymore

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2
Q

Particulate inheritance

A

when gametes fuse, each determinant was distinct and remained intact
wrinkled seeds and smooth seeds would have offspring with determinants for both

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3
Q

character

A

an observable physical feature

ex. seed shape

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4
Q

trait

A

a particular form of a character

ex. spherical or wrinkled seeds

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5
Q

true-breeding

A

when crossed wrinkled with another wrinkled, all wrinkled

homozygous

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6
Q

How did Mendel perform his experiments?

A

Step One: cut the stamen off one parental flower (why you may ask? so it can’t self-fertilize)
step two: fertilize it with pollen from another flower with contrasting chracters
step three: plant the seeds from this pairing and watch them grow (write down traits and how many)
optional step 4: The F1 plants (in step three) self-pollinate and see what happens

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7
Q

Parental generation P

A

the truebreeding plants that mendel used in his experiment

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8
Q

First filial generation F1

A

the first offspring generation in Mendel’s experiments

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9
Q

Second Filial Generation F2

A

the second offspring generation in Mendel’s experiments

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10
Q

hybrid

A

the offspring of crosses between organisms differing in one or more characters

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11
Q

monohybrid

A

Mendel’s F1 generation
the offspring between parental varieties with contrasting traits for a single character
smooth v. wrinkled

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12
Q

Dominant

A

the trait that “overpowers”

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13
Q

Recessive

A

the trait that will only be expressed if the gene for the dominant trait is not present

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14
Q

allele

A

different forms of a gene for particular characters

smooth seed allele vs wrinkled seed allele

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15
Q

Homozygous

A

two alleles that are the same

ex. two alleles for wrinkled seeds

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16
Q

Heterozygous

A

two alleles that are different

ex. one allele for wrinkled seedfs, another for smooth

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17
Q

Phenotype

A

the physical appearance of an organism

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18
Q

Genotype

A

genetic constitution of an organism

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19
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Mendel

when any individual produces gametes, the two copies of a gene separate, so that each gamete receives only one copy

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20
Q

Punnett square

A

with the blocks
grid
male gametes on top, female on the side

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21
Q

How is the recessive gene suppressed?

A

it can become mutated so it doesn’t get transcribed and translated or encode a nonfunctinoal protein

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22
Q

Test cross

A

used to determine whether or not someone showing a dominant trait is homozygous
this is done by crossing them with an individual who is homozygous recessive for the trait (which isn’t hard to identify becuase if they display the recessive phenotype then they are homozygous recessive)

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23
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

cross between indiciduals that are identical double heterozygotes

ex. two heterozygous smooth and yellow plants
9: 3:3:1 ratio

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24
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Mendel

alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation

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25
Q

Basic conventions of probability

A

certain= probability of one
impossible= probability of 0
everything else in between

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26
Q

Pedigrees

A

family trees that show the occurence of inherited phenotypes in several generations of related individuals

27
Q

What are the key things to look for in a dominant pedigree?

A 
every person with the abnormal phenotype has an affected parent 
either all (homozygous parent) or half (heterozygous parent) or the children in an affected family are affected
28
Q

What are the key things to look for in a recessive pedigree?

A

Affected people often have two unaffected parents

about one fourth of children of unaffected parents in affected families are affected

29
Q

Mutations

A

rare, stable, and inherited changes in the genetic material

30
Q

True or false: an allele can mutate to become a different allele

A

true

31
Q

What affects the prevalence of a new allele?

A

the fitness of the individuals carrying it

32
Q

wild type

A

THE ALLELE THAT IS PRESENT in most of the individuals in nature

33
Q

Mutant alleles

A

the not wild type

34
Q

Polymorphic

A

a gene with a wild type allele that is present less than 90% of the time

35
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

alleles are not dominant or recessive to one another
heterozygotes have intermediate phenotypes
red and white makes pink

36
Q

Codominance

A

two alleles of a gene both produce phenotype when present in a heterozygote
ex. AB blood type

37
Q

Epistasis

A

the phenotypic expression of one gene is affected by another
ex. labsssss (such cuties)
Ee or EE other gene is good to go
ee, other alleles turned off

38
Q

Hybrid vigor (heterosis)

A

Darwin- corn offspring produced by different genetic barieties are tall
Shull- they are also heavier

39
Q

Quantitative traits

A

traits conferred by multiple genes

must be measured, not assesed qualitatively

40
Q

True or false: most complex phenotypes are determined by multiple genes

A

true

41
Q

True or false: the phenotype of an indivdual results from its genotype alone

A

falsee

genotype and environment interact to create phenotype

42
Q

Penetrance

A

the proportion of individuals in a group with a given genotype that actually show the expected phenotype
helps describe the eggects of genes and enviro on phenotype
ex. not everyone with the mutant BRCA1 develops breast cancer–> incompletely penetrant mutation

43
Q

Expressivity

A

degree to which a genotype is expressed in an individual
ex. one person with BRCA1 may have breast and ovarian cancer, another just breast cancer, so it has variable expressivity

44
Q

locus

A

a particular site on a chromosome where a particular sequence of DNA (gene) resides

45
Q

`Thomas Hunt Morgan

A

gene linkage
Columbia University
Fruit fly experiments

46
Q

Morgan Experiments with fruit flies

A

he did a test cross with two known genes B and Vg for wing shape and body color
expected 1:1:1:1 of different phenotypes
often the two traits were inherited together
loci linked on same chromosome
crossing over makes the coupled inheritance not absolute

47
Q

recombination frequency

A

the number of recombinant progeny divided by the total number of progeny
greater for loci that are father apart on a chromosome, which means they

48
Q

genetic linkage

A

association between genes on a chromosome so that they do not exhibit random assortment and only rarely recombine
the closer they are, the lower the frequency of recombination

49
Q

autosomes

A

regular chromsomes (these pairs are similar in size to one another)

50
Q

sex chromsomes

A

determine the sex of an individual

51
Q

What are two differences between x and y chromsomes?

A

size

more genes are present on the x than the y

52
Q

hemizygous

A

a gene that is present as a single copy in a diploid organism

53
Q

sex-linked inheritance

A

inheritance of a gene that is carried on a sex chromosome

54
Q

patterns of sex0linked recessive phenotypes

A

appears a lot more in males than females (men only need one copy)
men can only pass mutation to daughters (sons get the y chromosome)
daughters with one x linked mutation are heterozygous carriers
mutant phenotypes can skip a generation if it passes from father to daughter to son

55
Q

Heterozygous carriers

A

phenotypically wild type, but can pass on mutant allele to children

56
Q

True or false: the only organelle with genetic material in the cell is the nucleus

A

false

mitochondria and plastids

57
Q

True or false: the inheritance of organelle genes differs from that of nuclear genes

A

true

mitochondria and plastids only inherited from mother (sperm only bring nucleus to fuse, no organelles)

58
Q

Cytoplasmic inheritance

A

the inheritance of organelles and genes

come from maternal cytoplasm

59
Q

True or false: prokaryotes can transfer genes from one to the other

A

truee

60
Q

Bacterial conjugation

A

happens via physical contact initiated by the sex pilus
material then passes through a conjugation tube (JUST ONE WAY FROM DONOR TO RECIPIENT)
once inside, it can recombine
donor DNA can line up beside homolgous genes and cross over
genes from donor can be integrated and change the recipients genetics
only about hald of transfered genes become integrated, the integrated ones are passed on

61
Q

sex pilus

A

extends from the donor prokaryotic cell to the recepient prokaryotic cell, initiating contact and gene transfer

62
Q

Plasmids

A

smaller, circular DNA in bacteria
have a few dozen genes tops
generally these genes are for:
unusual metabolic abilities (like breaking down hydrocarbons)
antibiotic resistance (plasmids with these are R factors and are really dangerous)

63
Q

True or false: plasmids transfer genes between bacteria

A

true
they can move between cells during conjugation
don’t need to recombine with main chromsome because they copy separately

AP Biology (22 decks)

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