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AP Biology > Chapter 7: The Cell Cycle and Cell Division > Flashcards

Chapter 7: The Cell Cycle and Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

Cells

A

basic components of life, self-contained biological processes
reproduction

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2
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

super duper quick (think lightning or the flash)
really effective way of making new individuals
super popular
makes clones of the parent
only variation from mutation, so less variation

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3
Q

clones

A

genetically identical

dos Olivias salen

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4
Q

Mutations

A

alterations in the DNA caused by the environment or replication mistakes

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5
Q

Binary fission

A

used by most single-celled prokaryotes

means of reproduction

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6
Q

Mitosis

A

used by single-celled eukaryotes

produces fro genetically identical cells asexually

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7
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

the fusion of two specialized cells called gametes
result in offspring with significant variation
uses meiosis

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8
Q

gamete

A

specialized cell
half of the genetic material as the parent cell
single set of chromosomes– one homolog from each pair
n chromosomes
haploid

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9
Q

Mesiosis

A

a process of cell division that results in daughter cells with only half of the genetic material of the original cell
random separation of genetic material so daughter cells are very different
differences lead to a better adapted organism lead to natural selection

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10
Q

Chromosome

A

a single molecule of DNA and associated proteins

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11
Q

somatic cells

A

body cells which are not specialized for reproduction

two sets of chromosomes in homologous pairs

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12
Q

homologous pairs

A

the pairs in which the two sets of chromosomes that somatic cells contain are organized into
have corresponding genetic information

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13
Q

zygote

A

the fused haploid gametes
diploid
2n chromosomes

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14
Q

fertilization

A

the fusing of two haploid gametes

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15
Q

Do all sexual life cycles involve meiosis?

A

yup
sometimes, just gamete then meiosis
some haploid becomes a haploid organism which eventually creates gametes

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16
Q

Haplontic organism sexual life cycle

A

protists, fungi, green algae
zygote is the only diploid cell in the life cycle
after formation, it immediately produces more haploid cells, generally spores (the dispersal units for the organism)

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17
Q

Alternation of generations

A

plants and fungi
meiosis creates haploid spores, they mitosis it up and produce a gametophyte
in flowering plants, there are super small (pollen and embryo sac)
in mosses, they are super big
gametophyte creates gametes by mitosis, which fuse to form the diploid zygote
the zygote mitosises it up and and creates a sporophyte

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18
Q

Diplontic organisms

A

animals, brown algae, fungi
gametes only haploid cells
mature or

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19
Q

What is the essence of sexual reproduction?

A

THE RANDOM SELECTION OF HALF OF THE DIPLOID CHROMOSOME SET to make a diploid

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20
Q

What needs to hPpen for cell division?

A

reproductive signal- initiates cell division and can come from inside or outside the cell
replication of DNA must occur
the DNA must be distributed to the two new cells
enzymes and organelles must be made and material needs to be added to the membrane

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21
Q

cytokinesis

A

the division of the cytoplasm

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22
Q

ori

A

the sort where replication of the circular chromosome started
The ORIgin of replication

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23
Q

ter

A

the site where replication ends

the TERminus of replication

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24
Q

True or false: In prokaryotes it is common to have 8 chromosomes

A

False, most prokaryotes have all of their genetic information on one chromosome

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25
True or false: Most prokaryotes have circular chromosomes
true
26
Where does replication begin in Binary fission and what happens as it proceeds?
it begins near the center of the cell and as replication progresses the ori moves towards the ends of the cells this process is driven by the binding of DNA to proteins that ensure its success
27
cytokinesis in binary fission
the actual division of a cell and contents starts right after chromosome segregation starts with a pinching in of the plasma membrane caused by the contraptions of fibers on the inside surface as this pinching occurs, new cell wall materials are deposited, leaving two separate cells
28
Eukaryotic DNA replication
eukaryotes have like lots of chromosome, so each one follows a process akin to that in binary fission. IN EUKARYOTES IT CAN ONLY OCCUR IN ONE STAGE IN THE CELL CYCLE
29
Eukaryotic DNA segregation
the chromosomes are all hanging out close together after replication and they must be separated so each daughter cell has a full lest after division This is done by condensing them and pulling them to opposite ends of the cell
30
Cytokinesis in Eukaryotes
animals (just cell membrane) and plants (also cell wall) have different processes for cell division
31
Cell cycle
the period from one division to the next eukaryotes- mitosis and cytokinesis (M phase) and interphase
32
Interphase
the nucleus is visible typical cell stuff is happening lasts from the end of cytokinesis to the start of mitosis G1 S G2
33
G1
``` part of interphase gap 1 time varies, can last a ridiculously long time point of no return the cell is just being a regular cell ```
34
S
part of interphase synthesis DNA replication occurs here
35
G2
part of interphase the cell is getting ready for mitosis (like making microtubulues and stuff like that) gap 2
36
Mitosis
``` A SINGLE NUCLEUS GIVES RISE TO TWO DAUGHTER NUCLEI THAT EACH CONTAIN THE SAME NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES AS THE PARENT NUCLEUS four phases Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ```
37
Prophase
start of mitosis condensation of chromosomes formation of mitotic spindle
38
Sister chromatids
the two identical strands that make up the X shaped DNA present after division
39
Centromere
the region that holds together the sister chromatids
40
kinetochores
special proteins that go on the centromeres, with one on each chromatid
41
karyotype
the number and sizes of the condensed chromosomes
42
Centrosomes
determine the orientation of the spindle apparatus made of a pair of centrioles determine the plance at which the cell divides/the spatial relationships between the new cells serve as poles toward which the chromosomes move
43
centrioles
hollow tubes formed with nine triplets of microtubulues | 9 by 3
44
Spindle
the micrtobules that come from the centrosome and from the poles forms during prophase
45
Polar Microtubules
form the frame of the spindle and keep the two poles apart
46
Kinetochore microtubules
form after polar microtubules attach to kinetochores on the chromosomes ensure that the chromatids move to opposite sides
47
Daughter chromosomes
separated sister chromosomes
48
What is the central feature of mitosis?
separation of the daughter chromosomes
49
Prometaphade
nuclear envelope breaks down and the compacted chromosomes attach to the kinetochore microtubules second stage of mitosis
50
Metaphase
chromosomes line up at the midline of the cell | third stage of mitosis
51
Anaphase
the chromatids separate and the daughter chromosomes move away from each other toward the poles fourth stage of mitosis
52
What mechanisms move the chromosomes to the poles?
The kinetochores have a protein called cytoplasmic dyne in that acts as a molecular motor, using up atp and creating energy for the movement of chromosomes the kinetochores also shorted to draw the microtubules towards them
53
Telophase
last stage of mitosis occurs after the chromosomes have separated nuclear envelope forms around each new set of chromosomes, nucleoli reform, the chromosomes become less compact, and the spindle disappears two nuclei in one cell
54
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm | final stage of cell reproduction
55
Cytokinesis in animal cells
starts with a furrowing of the plasma membrane this is produced by a contractile ring and in made of microfilaments of actin and myosin, which interact to form a contraction the microfilaments assemble rapidly
56
Cytokinesis in plant cells
Cell walls after spindle break down, vesicles from the Golgi appear along the plane of cell division, about halfway between two daughter nuclei these are sent along microtubules by kinesin and fuse to create a new membrane they also contribute to a cell plate: the start of anew wall the will separate the two new cells
57
True or false: cell reproduction can go on continuously and definitely
falseeeee | if a single celled organism did that, it would like take over the environment and starve to death
58
Growth factors
stimulate cell division and differentiation
59
G1-S transition/G checkpoint
key point R/restriciton point point of no return commits the cell to the cell cycle
60
What causes a cell to enter the S or M phases?
substances control these stages/ activate them | protein kinases
61
Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk's)
protein kinases that bind to the protein cyclin this causes the active site to be exposed #allosteric regulation regulate at checkpoints each is regulated by its own cyclin which is made at the right time and then broken down
62
What causes cyclin synthesis?
many things including growth factors
63
How do cdks work for the G1-S transition?
once they are activated, the phosphorylate the protein inhibiting/blocking the cell cycle, changing its structure and inactivating it
64
How many nuclear divisions are involved in meiosis?
two nuclear divisions | this brings the chromosome number down to the haploid number
65
How many times does the DNA replicate in meiosis?
once
66
The products of meiosis are.....
genetically different from one another and the parent
67
What are the goals of meiosis?
reduce the chromosome number from diploid to haploid ensure that the haploid products have complete chromosomes set generate genetic diversity
68
What are the two unique characteristics of meiosis I
homologous chromosomes come together and line up along their entire lengths watch with envy green eyes mitosis because you don't get to do that Homologous chromosome pairs separate but the individual chromosomes (each with two sister chromatids) remain intact meiosis two can look on and appreciate the awesome, but it can not join this cool group
69
True or false: meiosis I is preceded by an interphase with an S phase
true, gotta get that DNA replication
70
True or false, meiosis II is preceded by an interphase with an S phase
False, the sister chromatids separate in meiosis II, producing four cells each with half the number of chromosomes
71
True or false: the products of meiosis are genetically identical
false | the products are four haploid cells that are NOT genetically identical
72
Crossing over
Occurs in prophase I in meiosis I homologous chromosomes pair up along lengths in a process called synapsis these pairs last until the end of metaphase I form tetrads then the material gets all exchanged and stuffs
73
Tetrad
what the four chromatids form during crossing over | come from the chromosomes from the two partners in each homologous pair
74
Chiasma
attachment points x shaped during crossing over keep them together when the chromosomes begin to repel one another where genetic material is exchanged between nonsister chromatids not visible until after crossing over starts
75
True or false: mitosis is shorter than meiosis
so false | mitosis takes so much less time
76
Independent Assortment
meiosis another source of genetic diversity which daughter a chromosome goes to during anaphase I is all chance
77
Having more or less chromosomes increasing genetic diversity
More #independent assortment The greater the number of chromosomes, the lower the probability of reestablishing the original parental combinations, and the greater the potential for genetic diversity
78
True or false: meiosis II is similar to mitosis
True
79
Nondisjunction
meiotic error | Homologous Chromosome pair fails to separate at anaphase II or pair of chromatids doesn't separate at anaphase II
80
Aneuploidy
having an extra (trisomy) or missing a chromosome (monosomy) incorrect #
81
Polyploidy
triploif ot tetraploid organisms or higher polyploid nuclei may form many reasons extrra DNA replication or no spindle in meiosis II occurs naturally in some animals and lots of plants triploid can't undergo normal meiosis--- infertile
82
Translocation
meiosis I | chromatids from non-homologous pairs can break and rejoin, resulting in translocation
83
Necrosis
type of cell death cells are damaged by mechanical means or toxins or starved of oxygen or nutrients often burst and spill their like inner stuffs all over the place can cause inflammation less common type of cell death
84
Apoptosis
genetically programmed series of events that result in cell death
85
Reasons for apoptosis in animal cells
1. cell is no longer needed by organism (ex. no more webbed fingers in people) 2. The longer cells live, the more prone they are to genetic damage that could lead to cancer (ex/ skin cells exposed to lots of stuff)
86
Steps of apoptosis
cell detaches from neighbors, hydrolyzes DNA into teeny tiny parts, and forms blebs that break up into cell fragments surrounding living cells ingest that stuff, rest digested by lysosomes
87
Hypersensitive response
plants defense involving apoptosis undergo apoptosis at an infection site
88
Do plant cells form blebs like animal cells?
cell walls lget in the way | plant cells digest own cell contents in vacuole and release these digester bits into the vascular system
89
Caspases
enzymes proteases that hydrolyze target molecules in a cascade of events cell dies as they hydrolyze proteins triggered by internal and external signals
90
Oncogene
cancer cells come from normal positive regulators, but they are mutated to be overly active make cancer cell divide more often
91
Tumor suppressors
negative regulators of the cell cycle in normal cells | inactive in cancer cells

AP Biology (22 decks)

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