Chapter 21: The Evolution of Plants

Question 1

algae

Answer 1

aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotes

Question 2

Glaucophytes

Answer 2

microscopic, freshwater algae that people think are the sister group to rest of plants
chloroplasts have peptidoglycan between inner and outer membranes (like cyanobacteria)
this peptidoglycan is not in other photosynthetic eukaryotes

Question 3

Red algae

Answer 3

multicellular
Phycoerythrin
phycocyanin
carotenoids
chlorophyll a
just need clear enough water to let light in and nutreints (otherwise, depth is a nonissue)
fresh water isn’t their fave though, only a few species
not always red: depends on the ratio of phycoerythrin (high =red) to chlorophyll a (high = green) generally, deeper = red and shallower = green

Question 4

Phycoerythrin

Answer 4

in red algae (often excessively)

a photosynthetic pigement

Question 5

green algae

Answer 5

chlorophylls a and b

store photosynthetic products as starch in chloroplasts

Question 6

green plants

Answer 6

chlorophylls a and b

store reserves of photosyntehsis products as startch in chloroplasts

Question 7

Chlophytes

Answer 7

type of green algae

Question 8

coleochaetophytes

Answer 8

type of green algae, part of steptophytes

Question 9

charophytes

Answer 9

type of green algae, part of steptophytes

Question 10

streptophyets

Answer 10

green algae, more closely related to land plants

Question 11

embryophytes

Answer 11

land plants get called this because they develop from embryos protected by parents

Question 12

vascular plants/tracheophytes

Answer 12

have well developed transport systems to transport stuff around the plant
have fluids called tracheids

Question 13

nonvascular land plants

Answer 13

liverworts, hornworts, mosses
NOT A CLADE
no tracheids

Question 14

Features that closest Green A;gae share with land plants

Answer 14

charophytes and land plants actually
plasmodesmata that join cytoplasms of adjacent cells
apical and branching growth
similar peroxisome contents, mechanics of mytosis and cytokinesis, chloroplast structure

Question 15

Cuticle

Answer 15

adaptation for survival on land

coating of waxy lipids to retain water

Question 16

Stomata

Answer 16

small closable openings in leaves and stems that regulate gas echange
adaptation for survival on land

Question 17

Gametangia

Answer 17

organs that enclose plant gametes and make sure they don’t dry out
adaptation for survival on land

Question 18

Embryos

Answer 18

young plants in a protective structure

adaptation for survival on land

Question 19

Pigments

Answer 19

adaptation for survival on land

protected from radiation

Question 20

spore walls with sporopollenin

Answer 20

adaptation for survival on land

polymer protects spores from dessiccation and resists decay

Question 21

Mutually beneficial association with fungi

Answer 21

adaptation for survival on land

get nutrients from soil

Question 22

Sporangia

Answer 22

reproductive organs of sporophytes

cells in it undergo meiosis

Question 23

What do nonvascular plants need to reproduce?

Answer 23

water!