Chapter 2: Life Chemistry and Energy

Question 1

atom

Answer 1

smallest unit of matter that defines chemical elements

Question 2

nucleus

Answer 2

Dense and positively charged

Question 3

electrons

Answer 3

negatively charged

negligible mass

Question 4

protons

Answer 4

positively charged

mass of 1

Question 5

neutrons

Answer 5

no charge

mass of 1

Question 6

element

Answer 6

oure substance

just one kind of atom

Question 7

True or false: like charges attract

Answer 7

false, they repel

opposite charges attract

Question 8

dalton

Answer 8

unit of measure

mass of a proton

Question 9

What are the six major elements in organisms?

Answer 9

Hydrogen (H) 
Nitrogen (N) 
Sulfur (S) 
Phosphorous (P)
Carbon (C) 
Oxygen (O) 
CHNOPS

Question 10

atomic number

Answer 10

number of protons in an atom

unique to each element

Question 11

mass number

Answer 11

neutrons and protons

Question 12

Bohr Model

Answer 12

largely empty space
central nucleus
electrons orbit

Question 13

electron shells

Answer 13

electrons in orbit

Question 14

molecules

Answer 14

atoms bonded together

Question 15

octet rule

Answer 15

atoms like to form stable molecules so that have 8 elections in their outermost shells so they can be super happy

Question 16

chemical bond

Answer 16

attractive force that links two atoms together in a molecule

Question 17

Ionic bonds

Answer 17

form when atoms gain or lose one or more electrons to achieve stability

Question 18

covalent bonds

Answer 18

atoms share electrons

strong

Question 19

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 19

weaker
SUPER IMPORTANT IN BIO
#proteins #water #literallyeverythingever

Question 20

Functional Groups

Answer 20

groups of atoms that give important properties to biological molecules

Question 21

Ion

Answer 21

electrically charged particle that froms when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons

Question 22

Cations (CatIons)

Answer 22

positively charged ions

think Na+

Question 23

Anions (AnIons)

Answer 23

negatively charged ions

Think Cl-

Question 24

Ionic bonds

Answer 24

form as a result of the electrical attraction between ions bearing opposite charges

Question 25

Salts

Answer 25

products of ionic bonds

Question 26

Are ionic bonds typically strong in living systems?

Answer 26

Nope, they are typically weak (they are in solutions) generally water and salts dissolve in water

Question 27

Covalent Bond

Answer 27

two atoms attain stable electron numbers in their outermost shells by sharing one or more pairs of electrons

Question 28

single bond

Answer 28

sharing of a single pair of electrons

Question 29

double bond

Answer 29

involves the sharing of four electrons, two pairs

Question 30

Triple bonds

Answer 30

rare six shared electrons like the gold standard of bonds

Question 31

electronegativity

Answer 31

the attractive force that an atomic nucleus exerts on electrons in a covalent bond

Question 32

nonpolar covalent bonds

Answer 32

atoms have very similar electronegativities | share electrons equally

Question 33

Polar covalent bond

Answer 33

unequal electron sharing | drawn to more electronegative nucleus

Question 34

hydrogen bond

Answer 34

Hydrogen + really electronegative molecule | weaker than covalent

Question 35

heat capacity

Answer 35

how much heat needs to be added for a temperature change

Question 36

Heat of vaporization

Answer 36

the heat required to change from liquid to gaseous state

Question 37

Cohesion

Answer 37

capacity to resist coming apart when placed under tension

Question 38

Hydrophilic

Answer 38

water loving | polar

Question 39

Hydrophobic

Answer 39

water hating nonpolar hydrocarbon molecules

Question 40

Macromolecules

Answer 40

large molecules | formed by covalent linkages of smaller molecules

Question 41

polymers

Answer 41

most biological molecules constructed by the covalent bongin of smaller monomers (except lipids like to be different and do their own thing)

Question 42

Condensation

Answer 42

removal of water links monomers

Question 43

hydrolysis

Answer 43

water breaks polymer into monomers

Question 44

Carbohydrates

Answer 44

large group of molecules that all have similar atomic compositions but differ in sixe, chemical properties, and biological functions general forumla Cn(H2O)n

Question 45

Important roles of Carbohydrates

Answer 45

source of stored energy that can be released in a form usable by organisms used to transport stored energy function as structural molecules recognition or signaling molecules

Question 46

Lipids

Answer 46

hydrocarbons insoluble in water nonpolar covalent

Question 47

Important roles of lipids

Answer 47

store energy in C-C and C-H bonds structural roles in cell membrane sand on body surfaces thermal insulation

Question 48

nucleotide

Answer 48

consists of three components: a nitrogen-containing base, a pentose sugar

Question 49

DNA

Answer 49

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 50

RNA

Answer 50

ribonucleic acid

Question 51

Catalysts

Answer 51

substances that speed up reactions without themselves being permanently altered increases rate of reaction CAN NOT MAKE REACTIONS OCCUR

Question 52

enzymes

Answer 52

proteins | biological catalysts

Question 53

Transition state

Answer 53

reactive mode caused by an input of energy

Question 54

Activation energy

Answer 54

the energy required to make a reaction happen

Question 55

Active site

Answer 55

where molecules bind to

Question 56

Enzyme-substrate complex (ES)

Answer 56

binding of a substrate to the active site of an enzyme produces this

Question 57

competitive inhibitor

Answer 57

competes with substrate for the active site

Question 58

noncompetitive inhibitor

Answer 58

binds to an enzyme at a site distinct from active site

Question 59

Allosteric Regulation

Answer 59

non-substrate molecule binds or modifies a site other than the active site of an enzyme

Question 60

Anabolic Reactions

Answer 60

link simple molecules to form more complex capture energy endergonic endothermic

Question 61

Catabolic Reactions

Answer 61

break down complex molecules into simple release energy exergonic exothermic

Question 62

First law of thermodynamics

Answer 62

energy is neither created nor destroyed

Question 63

second law of thermodynamics

Answer 63

disorder tends to increase | chaos is a ladder