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AP Biology > Chapter 2: Life Chemistry and Energy > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Life Chemistry and Energy Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

atom

A

smallest unit of matter that defines chemical elements

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2
Q

nucleus

A

Dense and positively charged

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3
Q

electrons

A

negatively charged

negligible mass

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4
Q

protons

A

positively charged

mass of 1

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5
Q

neutrons

A

no charge

mass of 1

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6
Q

element

A

oure substance

just one kind of atom

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7
Q

True or false: like charges attract

A

false, they repel

opposite charges attract

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8
Q

dalton

A

unit of measure

mass of a proton

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9
Q

What are the six major elements in organisms?

A 
Hydrogen (H) 
Nitrogen (N) 
Sulfur (S) 
Phosphorous (P)
Carbon (C) 
Oxygen (O) 
CHNOPS
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10
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in an atom

unique to each element

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11
Q

mass number

A

neutrons and protons

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12
Q

Bohr Model

A

largely empty space
central nucleus
electrons orbit

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13
Q

electron shells

A

electrons in orbit

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14
Q

molecules

A

atoms bonded together

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15
Q

octet rule

A

atoms like to form stable molecules so that have 8 elections in their outermost shells so they can be super happy

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16
Q

chemical bond

A

attractive force that links two atoms together in a molecule

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17
Q

Ionic bonds

A

form when atoms gain or lose one or more electrons to achieve stability

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18
Q

covalent bonds

A

atoms share electrons

strong

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19
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

weaker
SUPER IMPORTANT IN BIO
#proteins #water #literallyeverythingever

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20
Q

Functional Groups

A

groups of atoms that give important properties to biological molecules

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21
Q

Ion

A

electrically charged particle that froms when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons

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22
Q

Cations (CatIons)

A

positively charged ions

think Na+

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23
Q

Anions (AnIons)

A

negatively charged ions

Think Cl-

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24
Q

Ionic bonds

A

form as a result of the electrical attraction between ions bearing opposite charges

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25
Q

Salts

A

products of ionic bonds

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26
Q

Are ionic bonds typically strong in living systems?

A

Nope, they are typically weak (they are in solutions)
generally water
and salts dissolve in water

27
Q

Covalent Bond

A

two atoms attain stable electron numbers in their outermost shells by sharing one or more pairs of electrons

28
Q

single bond

A

sharing of a single pair of electrons

29
Q

double bond

A

involves the sharing of four electrons, two pairs

30
Q

Triple bonds

A

rare
six shared electrons
like the gold standard of bonds

31
Q

electronegativity

A

the attractive force that an atomic nucleus exerts on electrons in a covalent bond

32
Q

nonpolar covalent bonds

A

atoms have very similar electronegativities

share electrons equally

33
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

unequal electron sharing

drawn to more electronegative nucleus

34
Q

hydrogen bond

A

Hydrogen + really electronegative molecule

weaker than covalent

35
Q

heat capacity

A

how much heat needs to be added for a temperature change

36
Q

Heat of vaporization

A

the heat required to change from liquid to gaseous state

37
Q

Cohesion

A

capacity to resist coming apart when placed under tension

38
Q

Hydrophilic

A

water loving

polar

39
Q

Hydrophobic

A

water hating
nonpolar
hydrocarbon molecules

40
Q

Macromolecules

A

large molecules

formed by covalent linkages of smaller molecules

41
Q

polymers

A

most biological molecules constructed by the covalent bongin of smaller monomers (except lipids like to be different and do their own thing)

42
Q

Condensation

A

removal of water links monomers

43
Q

hydrolysis

A

water breaks polymer into monomers

44
Q

Carbohydrates

A

large group of molecules that all have similar atomic compositions but differ in sixe, chemical properties, and biological functions
general forumla Cn(H2O)n

45
Q

Important roles of Carbohydrates

A

source of stored energy that can be released in a form usable by organisms
used to transport stored energy
function as structural molecules
recognition or signaling molecules

46
Q

Lipids

A

hydrocarbons
insoluble in water
nonpolar covalent

47
Q

Important roles of lipids

A

store energy in C-C and C-H bonds
structural roles in cell membrane sand on body surfaces
thermal insulation

48
Q

nucleotide

A

consists of three components: a nitrogen-containing base, a pentose sugar

49
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

50
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

51
Q

Catalysts

A

substances that speed up reactions without themselves being permanently altered
increases rate of reaction
CAN NOT MAKE REACTIONS OCCUR

52
Q

enzymes

A

proteins

biological catalysts

53
Q

Transition state

A

reactive mode caused by an input of energy

54
Q

Activation energy

A

the energy required to make a reaction happen

55
Q

Active site

A

where molecules bind to

56
Q

Enzyme-substrate complex (ES)

A

binding of a substrate to the active site of an enzyme produces this

57
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

competes with substrate for the active site

58
Q

noncompetitive inhibitor

A

binds to an enzyme at a site distinct from active site

59
Q

Allosteric Regulation

A

non-substrate molecule binds or modifies a site other than the active site of an enzyme

60
Q

Anabolic Reactions

A

link simple molecules to form more complex
capture energy
endergonic
endothermic

61
Q

Catabolic Reactions

A

break down complex molecules into simple
release energy
exergonic
exothermic

62
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

energy is neither created nor destroyed

63
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

disorder tends to increase

chaos is a ladder

AP Biology (22 decks)

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