Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Biology > Chapter 10: From DNA to Protein: Gene Expression > Flashcards

Chapter 10: From DNA to Protein: Gene Expression Flashcards

1
Q

Is the one gene-one protein hypothesis completely accurate?

A

no it is an oversimplification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is the one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis complete accurate?

A

Whiel this is very useful, it is still a little simpler than real life (some genes do not code for polypeptides)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Molecular Biology

A

study of nucleic acids and proteins, often focuses on gene expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

True or false: genes are expressed as RNA

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True or false: all RNA is translated into proteins

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Transcription

A

the information in a DNA sequence (a gene) is copied into a complementary RNA sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Translation

A

the RNA sequence is used to create the amino acid of a polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Messenger RNA

A

the modified RNA that came from the complimentary DNA strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where does mRNA travel in eukaryotic cells?

A

from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
gets translated into a polypeptide
nucleotide sequence of it determines the sequence of the amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

rRNA

catalyzes peptide bond formation between amino acids to form a polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ribosome

A

protein synthesis factory

multiple proteins and rRNAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Transfer RNA

A

tRNA
mediates between mRNA and protein
can bind a specific amino acid and recognize a specific sequence in mRNA
figures out which amino acid should be added to the growing polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does DNA expression start with?

A

transcription to RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Transcription

A

tue formation of a specific RNA sequence from a specific DNA sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What factors are required for transcription?

A

A DNA template for complementary base pairing
the appropriate nucleoside triphosphates (ex ATP) to act as substrates
an RNA polymerase `

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

RNA polymerases

A

catalyze the synthesis of RNA from the DNA template
all have common structure
do not require primer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Are RNA polymerases processive?

A

Yes

a single enzyme-template binding event results in the polymerization of hundreds of RNA nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the three steps in transcription?

A

initiation
elongation
termination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Initiation (transcription)

A

needs a promoter

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Promoter

A

a special DNA sequence to which the RNA polymerase can bind to very tightly
tell RNA polymerase where to start transcription and which of the two strands to transcribe
orients the RNA polymerase
Tom Haverford

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

transcription initiation site

A

part of the promoter

where transcription begins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

upstream

A

5’ on the non-template strand and 3’ on the template strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Are all promoters identical?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Elongation (transcription)

A

the RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA and reads in the 3’ to 5’ direction (copying in the 5’ to 3’)
RNA polymerase uses the ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates and catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
True or false: RNA polymerases and crew have more efficient proofreading mechanisms than DNA
false they are less efficient
26
True or False; RNA errors are more harmful than DNA ones
false | lots of RNA copies are made/they aren't around for very long, less potential for harm in copying errors
27
Termination (transcription)
occurs at specific sequences
28
Coding reigons
sequences within a DNA molecule that are expressed as proteins
29
introns
intervening regions | interrupt the coding region
30
exons
expressed regions | transcribed regions
31
pre-mRNA
exons and introns (basically the whole section complementary to the DNA)
32
mature mRNA
just exons, no introns
33
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
DNA that you want analyzed denatured and hydrogen bonds broken to separate the pairs probe incubated within the DNA if it has a base sequence complementary to the target DNA, double helix forms
34
prode
a single-stranded nucleic acid from another source
35
Do introns scramble the DNA sequence of a gene?
no they interrupt it
36
RNA splicing
removes the introns and splices the exons together
37
Consensus sequences
short stretches of DNA that appear with little variation in different genes that acts as borders between introns and exons
38
snRNOs
small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles surround the consensus sequences has RNA with complementary sequences to the consensus sequences
39
spliceosome
RNA protein complex large cuts pre-mRNA releases introns and joins the ends of the exons
40
Are all exons included in every mRNA?
no they aren't
41
5' cap
added to the 5' end of the pre-mRNA as it is transcribed chemically modified GTP facilitates binding of mRNA to ribosome and protects the mRNA from degradation
42
poly A tail
added to the 3' end of the pre-mRNA at the end of transcription assists in export of mRNA from the nucleus and is important for stability
43
True or false: transcription and translation are coupled in prokaryotes
true | no nucleus and ribosomes bind to mRNA as it is being transcribed
44
Codons
three letter "words" sequential nonoverlapping specify amino acids
45
How many variations could triplet codons code for?
64
46
Start codon
AUG | codes for methionine
47
Stop codons
``` UAA UAG UGA termination signals for translation once the machinery arrives here, translation stops and the polypeptide is released from the copmlex ```
48
True or false: The genetic code is redundant
true
49
True or false: The genetic code is ambiguous
false | each only codes for one
50
Is the genetic code universal?
nearly | very few exceptions
51
Silent mutations
occur because of the redundant of the genetic code
52
Missense mutatiosn
change in the amino acid sequence
53
Nonsense mutatiosn
result in a premature stop codon
54
Frame-shift mutations
result from the insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs within the coding sequence new triplets are read
55
What key events must take place to ensure that the protein made is the one specified by mRNA?
a tRNA must chemically read each mRNA codon correctly | the tRNA must deliver the amino acid that corresponds to the mRNA codon
56
What molecule links the information contained in each mRNA codon with a specific amino acid?
tRNAs
57
True or false: tRNAs bind to specific amino acids
true
58
When is the tRNA charged?
when it is carrying an amino acid
59
Anticodon
a triplet of bases on the tRNA (t for antiocodon and tRNA) | which is complimentary to the mRNA codon for the particular amino acid that the tRNA has
60
What bonds hold the codon and anticodon together?
hydrogen of course
61
Does tRNA interact with ribosomes?
yes | noncovalently
62
Wobble
the specificity for the base at the 3' end of the codon is not always observed doesn't always occur ex. GCA GCC and GCU all are recognized bt the same tRNA
63
True or false; each mRNA codon binds to just one tRNA species, carrying a specific amino acid
true
64
What family of enzymes is responsible for the charging of tRNA?
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
65
Are aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases specific for amino acids?
yup and the tRNA
66
How does the reaction that aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze work?
use ATP to form a high energy cone between the amino acid and tRNA
67
What is recognized the amino acid or the anticodon on the tRNA?
the anticodon on the tRNA
68
How many subunits does the ribosome consist of?
two
69
In eukaryotes, what do the large subunits and small of the ribosome consist of>
rRNA and proteins | they also interact noncovalently
70
When the ribosome isn't translating DNA, are the subunits together?
nope
71
What order does a charged tRNA traverse the ribosome sites in?
A P E
72
A site
amino acid site | charged tRNA anticodon binds to the mRNA codon, living up the correct amino acid
73
P site
polypeptide site | tRNA adds amino acid to the polypeptide chain
74
E site
exit site where the tRNA resides before being released from the ribosome and heading up to the cytosol to pick up another amino acid
75
fidelity function
ribsosome has this ensures that a charged tRNA with the correct anticodon bings to the right codon hydrogen bonds form when proper binding occurs, the rRNA makes sires that these hydrogen bonds have formed
76
What three steps occur in translation?
initiation, elongation, and termination | look familiar?
77
Initiation (translation)
initiation complex binds to mRNA small subunit moves until it reaches start codon (AUG) methionine is first in amino acid sequence at the end of initiation the methionine charged tRNA is in the P site
78
Initiation complex
charged tRNA and small ribosomal subunit (both bound to mRNA)
79
Initiation factors
translation mRNA ribosomal subunits and methionine charged tRNA
80
Elongation (translation)
chraged tRNA with anticodon complementary to the second mRNA codon enters the A site large subunit catalyzes two reactions (breaks bond between methionine and tRNA in P site and catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between methionine and the amino acid on the tRNA in the A site) first tRNA moves to E site and leaves second tRNA moves to P site rinse and repeat (in the 5' to 3' direction)
81
Peptidyl transferase activity
large ribosomal subunit has this because it can break bond between tRNA and amino acid and form peptide bonds between different amino acid)
82
True or false: polypeptides grow in the amino to carboxyl direction
true | alphabetical order
83
termination (translation)
elongation ends when a stop codon enters the A site bond between polypeptide chain and tRNA in P site broken amino acid separate from the ribosome
84
release factor
part of termination (in translation) | allows hydrolysis of the bond between the pole peptide chain and the tRNA in P site
85
Polyribosome
polysome | the strand of mRNA with multiples ribosomes and their polypeptide chains
86
Can several ribosomes simultaneously translate a signal mRNA molecule?
yup
87
true or false: the site of a polypeptide's function in the cell may be far away from its point of synthesis at the ribosome
true
88
True or false: polypeptides are rarely modified by the addition of new chemical groups that contribute to the function of the mature protein
false | they often are
89
Where is the default location for a protein?
the cytosol
90
Signal sequence
short stretch of amino acids that indicates where in the cell the polypeptide should go
91
Where does a signal sequence bind?
to a receptor protein on the surface of an organelle
92
What happens if a polypeptide has a signal sequence of 5-10 hydrophobic acids at its N terminus ?
it will be directed to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
93
Proteolysis
the cutting of a polypeptide chain
94
PROTEASES
CUT POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS
95
Polyproteins
long polypeptides containing the primary sequences of multiple distinct proteins these are cut into final products by proteases
96
Glycosylation
addition of carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins
97
Phosphorylation
addition of phosphate groups to proteins catalyzed by protein kinases cell signaling

AP Biology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions