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AP Biology > Chapter 10: From DNA to Protein: Gene Expression > Flashcards

Chapter 10: From DNA to Protein: Gene Expression Flashcards

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1
Q

Is the one gene-one protein hypothesis completely accurate?

A

no it is an oversimplification

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2
Q

Is the one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis complete accurate?

A

Whiel this is very useful, it is still a little simpler than real life (some genes do not code for polypeptides)

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3
Q

Molecular Biology

A

study of nucleic acids and proteins, often focuses on gene expression

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4
Q

True or false: genes are expressed as RNA

A

true

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5
Q

True or false: all RNA is translated into proteins

A

false

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6
Q

Transcription

A

the information in a DNA sequence (a gene) is copied into a complementary RNA sequence

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7
Q

Translation

A

the RNA sequence is used to create the amino acid of a polypeptide

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8
Q

Messenger RNA

A

the modified RNA that came from the complimentary DNA strand

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9
Q

Where does mRNA travel in eukaryotic cells?

A

from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
gets translated into a polypeptide
nucleotide sequence of it determines the sequence of the amino acids

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10
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

rRNA

catalyzes peptide bond formation between amino acids to form a polypeptide

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11
Q

ribosome

A

protein synthesis factory

multiple proteins and rRNAs

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12
Q

Transfer RNA

A

tRNA
mediates between mRNA and protein
can bind a specific amino acid and recognize a specific sequence in mRNA
figures out which amino acid should be added to the growing polypeptide

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13
Q

What does DNA expression start with?

A

transcription to RNA

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14
Q

Transcription

A

tue formation of a specific RNA sequence from a specific DNA sequence

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15
Q

What factors are required for transcription?

A

A DNA template for complementary base pairing
the appropriate nucleoside triphosphates (ex ATP) to act as substrates
an RNA polymerase `

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16
Q

RNA polymerases

A

catalyze the synthesis of RNA from the DNA template
all have common structure
do not require primer

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17
Q

Are RNA polymerases processive?

A

Yes

a single enzyme-template binding event results in the polymerization of hundreds of RNA nucleotides

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18
Q

what are the three steps in transcription?

A

initiation
elongation
termination

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19
Q

Initiation (transcription)

A

needs a promoter

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter

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20
Q

Promoter

A

a special DNA sequence to which the RNA polymerase can bind to very tightly
tell RNA polymerase where to start transcription and which of the two strands to transcribe
orients the RNA polymerase
Tom Haverford

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21
Q

transcription initiation site

A

part of the promoter

where transcription begins

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22
Q

upstream

A

5’ on the non-template strand and 3’ on the template strand

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23
Q

Are all promoters identical?

A

no

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24
Q

Elongation (transcription)

A

the RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA and reads in the 3’ to 5’ direction (copying in the 5’ to 3’)
RNA polymerase uses the ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates and catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds

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25
Q

True or false: RNA polymerases and crew have more efficient proofreading mechanisms than DNA

A

false they are less efficient

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26
Q

True or False; RNA errors are more harmful than DNA ones

A

false

lots of RNA copies are made/they aren’t around for very long, less potential for harm in copying errors

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27
Q

Termination (transcription)

A

occurs at specific sequences

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28
Q

Coding reigons

A

sequences within a DNA molecule that are expressed as proteins

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29
Q

introns

A

intervening regions

interrupt the coding region

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30
Q

exons

A

expressed regions

transcribed regions

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31
Q

pre-mRNA

A

exons and introns (basically the whole section complementary to the DNA)

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32
Q

mature mRNA

A

just exons, no introns

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33
Q

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

A

DNA that you want analyzed denatured and hydrogen bonds broken to separate the pairs
probe incubated within the DNA if it has a base sequence complementary to the target DNA, double helix forms

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34
Q

prode

A

a single-stranded nucleic acid from another source

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35
Q

Do introns scramble the DNA sequence of a gene?

A

no they interrupt it

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36
Q

RNA splicing

A

removes the introns and splices the exons together

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37
Q

Consensus sequences

A

short stretches of DNA that appear with little variation in different genes that acts as borders between introns and exons

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38
Q

snRNOs

A

small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles
surround the consensus sequences
has RNA with complementary sequences to the consensus sequences

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39
Q

spliceosome

A

RNA protein complex
large
cuts pre-mRNA releases introns and joins the ends of the exons

40
Q

Are all exons included in every mRNA?

A

no they aren’t

41
Q

5’ cap

A

added to the 5’ end of the pre-mRNA as it is transcribed
chemically modified GTP
facilitates binding of mRNA to ribosome and protects the mRNA from degradation

42
Q

poly A tail

A

added to the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA at the end of transcription assists in export of mRNA from the nucleus and is important for stability

43
Q

True or false: transcription and translation are coupled in prokaryotes

A

true

no nucleus and ribosomes bind to mRNA as it is being transcribed

44
Q

Codons

A

three letter “words”
sequential
nonoverlapping
specify amino acids

45
Q

How many variations could triplet codons code for?

A

64

46
Q

Start codon

A

AUG

codes for methionine

47
Q

Stop codons

A 
UAA 
UAG 
UGA 
termination signals for translation 
once the machinery arrives here, translation stops and the polypeptide is released from the copmlex
48
Q

True or false: The genetic code is redundant

A

true

49
Q

True or false: The genetic code is ambiguous

A

false

each only codes for one

50
Q

Is the genetic code universal?

A

nearly

very few exceptions

51
Q

Silent mutations

A

occur because of the redundant of the genetic code

52
Q

Missense mutatiosn

A

change in the amino acid sequence

53
Q

Nonsense mutatiosn

A

result in a premature stop codon

54
Q

Frame-shift mutations

A

result from the insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs within the coding sequence
new triplets are read

55
Q

What key events must take place to ensure that the protein made is the one specified by mRNA?

A

a tRNA must chemically read each mRNA codon correctly

the tRNA must deliver the amino acid that corresponds to the mRNA codon

56
Q

What molecule links the information contained in each mRNA codon with a specific amino acid?

A

tRNAs

57
Q

True or false: tRNAs bind to specific amino acids

A

true

58
Q

When is the tRNA charged?

A

when it is carrying an amino acid

59
Q

Anticodon

A

a triplet of bases on the tRNA (t for antiocodon and tRNA)

which is complimentary to the mRNA codon for the particular amino acid that the tRNA has

60
Q

What bonds hold the codon and anticodon together?

A

hydrogen of course

61
Q

Does tRNA interact with ribosomes?

A

yes

noncovalently

62
Q

Wobble

A

the specificity for the base at the 3’ end of the codon is not always observed
doesn’t always occur
ex. GCA GCC and GCU all are recognized bt the same tRNA

63
Q

True or false; each mRNA codon binds to just one tRNA species, carrying a specific amino acid

A

true

64
Q

What family of enzymes is responsible for the charging of tRNA?

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

65
Q

Are aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases specific for amino acids?

A

yup and the tRNA

66
Q

How does the reaction that aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyze work?

A

use ATP to form a high energy cone between the amino acid and tRNA

67
Q

What is recognized the amino acid or the anticodon on the tRNA?

A

the anticodon on the tRNA

68
Q

How many subunits does the ribosome consist of?

A

two

69
Q

In eukaryotes, what do the large subunits and small of the ribosome consist of>

A

rRNA and proteins

they also interact noncovalently

70
Q

When the ribosome isn’t translating DNA, are the subunits together?

A

nope

71
Q

What order does a charged tRNA traverse the ribosome sites in?

A

A P E

72
Q

A site

A

amino acid site

charged tRNA anticodon binds to the mRNA codon, living up the correct amino acid

73
Q

P site

A

polypeptide site

tRNA adds amino acid to the polypeptide chain

74
Q

E site

A

exit site where the tRNA resides before being released from the ribosome and heading up to the cytosol to pick up another amino acid

75
Q

fidelity function

A

ribsosome has this
ensures that a charged tRNA with the correct anticodon bings to the right codon
hydrogen bonds form when proper binding occurs, the rRNA makes sires that these hydrogen bonds have formed

76
Q

What three steps occur in translation?

A

initiation, elongation, and termination

look familiar?

77
Q

Initiation (translation)

A

initiation complex binds to mRNA
small subunit moves until it reaches start codon (AUG)
methionine is first in amino acid sequence
at the end of initiation the methionine charged tRNA is in the P site

78
Q

Initiation complex

A

charged tRNA and small ribosomal subunit (both bound to mRNA)

79
Q

Initiation factors

A

translation
mRNA
ribosomal subunits and methionine charged tRNA

80
Q

Elongation (translation)

A

chraged tRNA with anticodon complementary to the second mRNA codon enters the A site
large subunit catalyzes two reactions (breaks bond between methionine and tRNA in P site and catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between methionine and the amino acid on the tRNA in the A site)
first tRNA moves to E site and leaves second tRNA moves to P site
rinse and repeat (in the 5’ to 3’ direction)

81
Q

Peptidyl transferase activity

A

large ribosomal subunit has this because it can break bond between tRNA and amino acid and form peptide bonds between different amino acid)

82
Q

True or false: polypeptides grow in the amino to carboxyl direction

A

true

alphabetical order

83
Q

termination (translation)

A

elongation ends when a stop codon enters the A site
bond between polypeptide chain and tRNA in P site broken
amino acid separate from the ribosome

84
Q

release factor

A

part of termination (in translation)

allows hydrolysis of the bond between the pole peptide chain and the tRNA in P site

85
Q

Polyribosome

A

polysome

the strand of mRNA with multiples ribosomes and their polypeptide chains

86
Q

Can several ribosomes simultaneously translate a signal mRNA molecule?

A

yup

87
Q

true or false: the site of a polypeptide’s function in the cell may be far away from its point of synthesis at the ribosome

A

true

88
Q

True or false: polypeptides are rarely modified by the addition of new chemical groups that contribute to the function of the mature protein

A

false

they often are

89
Q

Where is the default location for a protein?

A

the cytosol

90
Q

Signal sequence

A

short stretch of amino acids that indicates where in the cell the polypeptide should go

91
Q

Where does a signal sequence bind?

A

to a receptor protein on the surface of an organelle

92
Q

What happens if a polypeptide has a signal sequence of 5-10 hydrophobic acids at its N terminus ?

A

it will be directed to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

93
Q

Proteolysis

A

the cutting of a polypeptide chain

94
Q

PROTEASES

A

CUT POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS

95
Q

Polyproteins

A

long polypeptides containing the primary sequences of multiple distinct proteins
these are cut into final products by proteases

96
Q

Glycosylation

A

addition of carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins

97
Q

Phosphorylation

A

addition of phosphate groups to proteins
catalyzed by protein kinases
cell signaling

AP Biology (22 decks)

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