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AP Biology > Chapter 29: Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation > Flashcards

Chapter 29: Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation Flashcards

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1
Q

physiology

A

the study of how organisms function

involves analysinc exchanges of energy and materials

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2
Q

intracellular fluid

A

the fluid inside of the cells

most of the water in a multicellular organism is intracellular fluid

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3
Q

extracellular fluid

A

fluid outside of the cell
not as much as intracellular
ex. plasma and interstitial

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4
Q

plasma

A

the liquid portion of blood

extracellular fluid

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5
Q

interstitial fluid

A

fluid between the cells of the body

extracellular fluid

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6
Q

Is it important to maintain constant internal conditions? If so, why? If not, why not?

A

Protects the cells from external and harsh conditions
Lets animals occupy habitats that would kill the cells with direct exposure
Cell health depends on internal environment
They are teeny tiny baby birds that must be protected from the world

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7
Q

homeostasis

A

the process of maintaining stable conditions in the internal environment

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8
Q

organ

A

a part of an organism that has a specific function and is made of tissues

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9
Q

tissue

A

an assemblage of cells (using that fancy art terminology)
ONLY 4 KINDS (which seems kind of super weird because there are like a bazillion cell types and lots of different organs, but I mean we only have 4 different base pairs to make tons of proteins)
The 4 types are:
epithelial
connective
nervous
muscle

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10
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

sheets of densely packed, interconnected epithelial cells that cover inner and outer body surfaces
think lining/liners
Can secrete stuff/sense stuff/transport stuff/be a border/etc…. (many different ways it can show up/exist)

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11
Q

Connective tissue

A

Dispersed populations of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix that the selves themselves secrete
The properties and composition differentiate different types
Protein fibers may make cartilage, while a liquid one may allow blood to flow

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12
Q

Adipose tissue

A

connective tissue of energy storing fat-cells with little extracellular matrix

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13
Q

Nervous tissues

A

neurons + glial cells
(peripheral and central nervous system)
communicate with neurotransmitters
glial cells don’t communicate. They are glue!

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14
Q

Muscle tissues

A

they are like intense
bodyy masss
elongated cells contract to generate movement

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15
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

(usually attached to bones)

responsible for locomotions and body movements

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16
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

generates heartbeat and pumps blood

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17
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

generates forces in hollow internal organs

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18
Q

organ systems

A

organs that work together to carry out certain functions

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19
Q

what controls an animals physiological systems?

A

the nervous and endocrine systems

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20
Q

What is necessary to regulate physiological systems?

A

Information

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21
Q

control

A

kind of like how you make stuff happen
ex. control car with brake and accelerator
controlling car if you are going 394239048923049320849 mph or 0

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22
Q

regulate

A

Use current state to get tot he desired one
ex. have to know how fast you are going and how fast you want to go
(Where are you going, where have you been?)

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23
Q

set point

A

the desired state(not really a state but I couldn’t think of a better word)
ex. desired speed in a car

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24
Q

feedback information

A

the reported info on current state

ex. speedometer reading

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25
Q

error signal

A

the difference between the set point and feedback information
they suggest corrective actions

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26
Q

Regulatory systems

A

obtain, process, and integrate feedback information and then issue commands
like the government

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27
Q

sensor

A

part of regulatory system

provides the feedback info that is compared with the set point

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28
Q

effectors

A

effect changes in the internal (or external environment)

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29
Q

negative feedback

A

most common use of sensory information
counteracts or negates whatever is pushing the system away from its set point
stabilizing
Brings it back to the set point

30
Q

positive feedback

A 
Amplifies a response 
Increases deviation from set point 
ex.
emptying body cavities 
sexy times 
labor 
basically lots of stuff that you really want to think about at the same time
31
Q

feedforward information

A

Changes the set point
predictive of a change before it occurs (like changing seasons)
ex. deer more important than speed limit

32
Q

Ambient environment

A

External environment

33
Q

Cell survival range

A

0 to 40 degrees Celsius, but varies based on species

34
Q

Q10

A

Factor of temperature sensitivity

=Rt/(Rt-10)

35
Q

Q10=1

A

Reaction is not temp sensitive

36
Q

Ectotherm

A

An organism where body temp depends on outside environment

37
Q

Endotherms

A

High and constant body temperatures are maintained over wide range of ambient ones

38
Q

Thermoneutral Zone (TNZ)

A

Like TMZ but not at all

Temperature range where Mr is low and constant

39
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

MR at minimal level compatible with all of physiological functions to maintain homeostasis of the internal environment in the resting animal

40
Q

In biological systems, Q10 is usually between

A

2 and 3

41
Q

Ambient environment

A

External environment

42
Q

Cell survival range

A

0 to 40 degrees Celsius, but varies based on species

43
Q

Q10

A

Factor of temperature sensitivity

=Rt/(Rt-10)

44
Q

Q10=1

A

Reaction is not temp sensitive

45
Q

Ectotherm

A

An organism where body temp depends on outside environment

46
Q

Endotherms

A

High and constant body temperatures are maintained over wide range of ambient ones

47
Q

Thermoneutral Zone (TNZ)

A

Like TMZ but not at all

Temperature range where Mr is low and constant

48
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

MR at minimal level compatible with all of physiological functions to maintain homeostasis of the internal environment in the resting animal

49
Q

In biological systems, Q10 is usually between

A

2 and 3

50
Q

Heat budget question

A

The combination of heatin and heatout

51
Q

Metabolism

A

All energy conversions produce heat as a by-product, including the all powerful metabolism
Produces heat in animal

52
Q

Radiation

A

Heat transfers from warmer to cooler objects via exchange of infrared radiation
Ex standing in front of a fire

53
Q

Rabs

A

Incoming radiation that is absorbed

54
Q

Rout

A

Outgoing radiation which is emitted

55
Q

Convection

A

Heat transfers to a surrounding medium such as air or water as that medium flows over a surface
Ex. Wind chill

56
Q

Conduction

A

Heat transfers directly when objects of two different temperatures come into contact
Ex ice pack on an ankle

57
Q

Evaporation

A

Heat transfers away from a surface when water evaporates on that surface
Ex sweating

58
Q

What processes contribute to heatin (generally)?

A

Metabolism and Rabs

59
Q

What processes generally contribute to Heatout?

A

Rout + convection + conduction + evaporation

60
Q

Brown fat

A

Adipose tissue that has a high density of mitochondria and blood vessels
Found in newborns

61
Q

Shivering thermogenesis

A

Shivering to increase MR

62
Q

Lower critical temperature

A

The lower end of a thermoneutral zone

63
Q

An animal with a smaller body size has a _____________ BMR per gram compared to a larger animal

A

higher
Smaller surface area to volume
more support tissue (skin and bone)

64
Q

What is the major adaptation of endotherms to cold climates?

A

insulation

65
Q

How to measure thermal insulation?

A 
MR= K(Tb-Ta) 
K= slope of curve or thermal conductance
66
Q

Thermal conductance

A

A measure of how readily the animal loses heat

K

67
Q

insulation

A

how effectively an animal conserves heat

68
Q

Can MR be 0?

A

Nope

69
Q

How can the MR value be at BMR level for a wide range of temperatures?

A

Above the lower critical temperature, the animal can change the value of K by ruffling fur/feathers or blood vessel movement

70
Q

countercurrent heat exchange

A

Heat is exchanged between blood vessels carrying blood in opposite directions
run parallel

71
Q

daily torpor

A

lowering of the body temp during a portion of the day to save energy

72
Q

Hibernation

A

An extreme form of torpor
bouts of torpor last multiple days
can be regulated slightly above freezing

AP Biology (22 decks)

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