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AP Biology > Chapter 29: Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation > Flashcards

Chapter 29: Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

physiology

A

the study of how organisms function

involves analysinc exchanges of energy and materials

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2
Q

intracellular fluid

A

the fluid inside of the cells

most of the water in a multicellular organism is intracellular fluid

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3
Q

extracellular fluid

A

fluid outside of the cell
not as much as intracellular
ex. plasma and interstitial

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4
Q

plasma

A

the liquid portion of blood

extracellular fluid

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5
Q

interstitial fluid

A

fluid between the cells of the body

extracellular fluid

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6
Q

Is it important to maintain constant internal conditions? If so, why? If not, why not?

A

Protects the cells from external and harsh conditions
Lets animals occupy habitats that would kill the cells with direct exposure
Cell health depends on internal environment
They are teeny tiny baby birds that must be protected from the world

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7
Q

homeostasis

A

the process of maintaining stable conditions in the internal environment

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8
Q

organ

A

a part of an organism that has a specific function and is made of tissues

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9
Q

tissue

A

an assemblage of cells (using that fancy art terminology)
ONLY 4 KINDS (which seems kind of super weird because there are like a bazillion cell types and lots of different organs, but I mean we only have 4 different base pairs to make tons of proteins)
The 4 types are:
epithelial
connective
nervous
muscle

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10
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

sheets of densely packed, interconnected epithelial cells that cover inner and outer body surfaces
think lining/liners
Can secrete stuff/sense stuff/transport stuff/be a border/etc…. (many different ways it can show up/exist)

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11
Q

Connective tissue

A

Dispersed populations of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix that the selves themselves secrete
The properties and composition differentiate different types
Protein fibers may make cartilage, while a liquid one may allow blood to flow

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12
Q

Adipose tissue

A

connective tissue of energy storing fat-cells with little extracellular matrix

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13
Q

Nervous tissues

A

neurons + glial cells
(peripheral and central nervous system)
communicate with neurotransmitters
glial cells don’t communicate. They are glue!

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14
Q

Muscle tissues

A

they are like intense
bodyy masss
elongated cells contract to generate movement

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15
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

(usually attached to bones)

responsible for locomotions and body movements

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16
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

generates heartbeat and pumps blood

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17
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

generates forces in hollow internal organs

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18
Q

organ systems

A

organs that work together to carry out certain functions

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19
Q

what controls an animals physiological systems?

A

the nervous and endocrine systems

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20
Q

What is necessary to regulate physiological systems?

A

Information

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21
Q

control

A

kind of like how you make stuff happen
ex. control car with brake and accelerator
controlling car if you are going 394239048923049320849 mph or 0

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22
Q

regulate

A

Use current state to get tot he desired one
ex. have to know how fast you are going and how fast you want to go
(Where are you going, where have you been?)

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23
Q

set point

A

the desired state(not really a state but I couldn’t think of a better word)
ex. desired speed in a car

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24
Q

feedback information

A

the reported info on current state

ex. speedometer reading

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25
error signal
the difference between the set point and feedback information they suggest corrective actions
26
Regulatory systems
obtain, process, and integrate feedback information and then issue commands like the government
27
sensor
part of regulatory system | provides the feedback info that is compared with the set point
28
effectors
effect changes in the internal (or external environment)
29
negative feedback
most common use of sensory information counteracts or negates whatever is pushing the system away from its set point stabilizing Brings it back to the set point
30
positive feedback
``` Amplifies a response Increases deviation from set point ex. emptying body cavities sexy times labor basically lots of stuff that you really want to think about at the same time ```
31
feedforward information
Changes the set point predictive of a change before it occurs (like changing seasons) ex. deer more important than speed limit
32
Ambient environment
External environment
33
Cell survival range
0 to 40 degrees Celsius, but varies based on species
34
Q10
Factor of temperature sensitivity | =Rt/(Rt-10)
35
Q10=1
Reaction is not temp sensitive
36
Ectotherm
An organism where body temp depends on outside environment
37
Endotherms
High and constant body temperatures are maintained over wide range of ambient ones
38
Thermoneutral Zone (TNZ)
Like TMZ but not at all | Temperature range where Mr is low and constant
39
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
MR at minimal level compatible with all of physiological functions to maintain homeostasis of the internal environment in the resting animal
40
In biological systems, Q10 is usually between
2 and 3
41
Ambient environment
External environment
42
Cell survival range
0 to 40 degrees Celsius, but varies based on species
43
Q10
Factor of temperature sensitivity | =Rt/(Rt-10)
44
Q10=1
Reaction is not temp sensitive
45
Ectotherm
An organism where body temp depends on outside environment
46
Endotherms
High and constant body temperatures are maintained over wide range of ambient ones
47
Thermoneutral Zone (TNZ)
Like TMZ but not at all | Temperature range where Mr is low and constant
48
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
MR at minimal level compatible with all of physiological functions to maintain homeostasis of the internal environment in the resting animal
49
In biological systems, Q10 is usually between
2 and 3
50
Heat budget question
The combination of heatin and heatout
51
Metabolism
All energy conversions produce heat as a by-product, including the all powerful metabolism Produces heat in animal
52
Radiation
Heat transfers from warmer to cooler objects via exchange of infrared radiation Ex standing in front of a fire
53
Rabs
Incoming radiation that is absorbed
54
Rout
Outgoing radiation which is emitted
55
Convection
Heat transfers to a surrounding medium such as air or water as that medium flows over a surface Ex. Wind chill
56
Conduction
Heat transfers directly when objects of two different temperatures come into contact Ex ice pack on an ankle
57
Evaporation
Heat transfers away from a surface when water evaporates on that surface Ex sweating
58
What processes contribute to heatin (generally)?
Metabolism and Rabs
59
What processes generally contribute to Heatout?
Rout + convection + conduction + evaporation
60
Brown fat
Adipose tissue that has a high density of mitochondria and blood vessels Found in newborns
61
Shivering thermogenesis
Shivering to increase MR
62
Lower critical temperature
The lower end of a thermoneutral zone
63
An animal with a smaller body size has a _____________ BMR per gram compared to a larger animal
higher Smaller surface area to volume more support tissue (skin and bone)
64
What is the major adaptation of endotherms to cold climates?
insulation
65
How to measure thermal insulation?
``` MR= K(Tb-Ta) K= slope of curve or thermal conductance ```
66
Thermal conductance
A measure of how readily the animal loses heat | K
67
insulation
how effectively an animal conserves heat
68
Can MR be 0?
Nope
69
How can the MR value be at BMR level for a wide range of temperatures?
Above the lower critical temperature, the animal can change the value of K by ruffling fur/feathers or blood vessel movement
70
countercurrent heat exchange
Heat is exchanged between blood vessels carrying blood in opposite directions run parallel
71
daily torpor
lowering of the body temp during a portion of the day to save energy
72
Hibernation
An extreme form of torpor bouts of torpor last multiple days can be regulated slightly above freezing

AP Biology (22 decks)

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