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AP Biology > Chapter 12: Genomes > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Genomes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Human Genome Project

A

small # of genes

2003 completion

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2
Q

=next-generation DNA sequencing

A

miniaturization techniques DNA replication PCR

  1. cut up DNA
  2. denature DNA by heat breaking hydrogen bonds
  3. fragment attached at each e nd to short adapter sequences
  4. Amplified by PCR to make so many copies
  5. DNA poly adds nucleotides
  6. DNA added one nucleotide at a time
  7. FLUORESCE
    4.remove tag and repeat synthesis
    colors show things
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3
Q

Power of next generation DNA sequencing

A

fully automated and miniaturized
millions of different fragments are sequenced at the same time. This is called massively parallel
An expensive way to sequence large genomes. at the time od writing a complete genome could be sequenced in a few days
overlappingggggg

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4
Q

bioinformatics

A

Analyze DNA sequences using complex mathematics and computer programs

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5
Q

Functional genomics

A

biologists use sequence information to identify the functions of various parts of genomes
including
open reading frames, amino acid sequences of proteins, regulatory sequences, RNA genes, other noncoding sequences

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6
Q

open-reading frames

A

coding regions of genes
can be recognized by start and stop codon for coding and consensus sequences for introns
functional genomics

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7
Q

amino acid sequences of proteins

A

can be deduced from the DNA sequences of open reading frames by applying the genetic code
functional genomics

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8
Q

regulatory sequences

A

promoters and terminators for transcription

functional genomics

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9
Q

RNA genes

A

rRNA, tRNA, small nuclear RNA, and microRNA

functional genomics

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10
Q

Other noncoding sequences (functional genomics)

A

fucntional genomics

classified in various categories including centromeric and teolmerix regions, TRANSPOSONS, and repetitive

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11
Q

Comparative gentics

A

the comparison of a newly sequenced genome of parts thereof can be compared to other organisms

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12
Q

genetic determinism

A

person’s phenotype is determined solely by his or her genotype

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13
Q

Proteomics

A

seeks to identify and characterize all expressed proteins

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14
Q

Proteome

A

sum total of the proteins produced by an organism

more complex than the genome

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15
Q

How do people analyze proteins and the proteome?

A

using electrical charge and size with gel electrophoresis to separate proteins and isolate them
mass spectrometry uses electromagnets to identify molecules by masses of their atoms
determine structures of molecules

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16
Q

Metablomics

A

aims to describe the metabolome of a tissue or organism under particular environmental conditions

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17
Q

metabolome

A

quantitative description of all of the metabolites in a cell or organism

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18
Q

primary metabolites

A

involved in normal processes such as intermediates in pathways like glycolysis
also hormones and other signaling molecules

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19
Q

secondary metabolites

A

often unique to particular organisms or groups of organisms often involved in special responses to the environment
ex. antibiotics made by microbes and chemicals made by plants that are used in defense

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20
Q

Features of of bacterial and archaeal genomes

A

relatively small single circular chromosome
compact most is protein coding with only short sequences
genes usually do not contain introns except rRNA and tRNA
addition to the main chromosome, often have plasmids

21
Q

transposons

A

segements of DNA that can move form place to place in the genome and can move from one piece of DNA to another

22
Q

Metagenomics

A

analyzing genes without isolating the intact organism

use pCR to amplify sequences in enviornmental samples to determine whether specific microbes were there

23
Q

True or False: Eukaryotic genomes are larger than those of prokaryotes

A

true
more genes
which is like very not surprising

24
Q

True or false: Eukaryotic genomes have more regulatory sequences

A

true

more complex

25
Q

True or false: a lot of eukaryotic DNA is noncoding

A

true

ransom seuqences don’t code for RNA

26
Q

Yeast

A

single-celled eukaryotes
can live as haploid or diploid
lots of genes for targeting protein sinto organelles

27
Q

nematode

A

only needs 10% if genes

28
Q

drosophila

A

complex

29
Q

arabidopsis

A

plant
flowering ]simpler
small

30
Q

orthologs

A

genes with very similar sequences

31
Q

gene families

A

closely related genes

came from duplkicated then mutated genes

32
Q

pseudogenes

A

nonfunctional

result from loss of function mutations

33
Q

Highly repetitive sequences

A

short seqeunces that are repeated thousands of time in tandem
not transcribed

34
Q

short tandem repeats

A

1-5 bp can be repeated up to 100 times at a particular location
scattered about the genome

35
Q

moderately repetitive sequences

A

repeated 10-1000 times in the rukaryotic genome
unclue genes which produce tRNA and rRNA
generally transposons

36
Q

Retrotransposons

A 
make RNA copies of themselves, which are then copied back into DNA before inserted into DNA 
class I transposons
37
Q

LTR retrotransposons

A

long terminal repeats of DNA sequences at each end
about 8% of human genome
a type of Retrotransposons

38
Q

Non-LTR retrotransposons

A

a type of Retrotransposon
do not have LTR sequences at the ends
makde up of SINEs and LINEs

39
Q

SINEs

A

short interspersed elements are up to 500 bp long and are transcribed but not translated
a type of non-LTR retrotransposon

40
Q

LINEs

A

Long interspersed elements
up to 7000 bp long and some are transcribed and translated into proteins
a type of non-LTR retrotransposon

41
Q

DNA transposons

A

do not use RNA intermediaries

excised from location and inserted in a new place without replication

42
Q

single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

A

DNA sequence variations that involve single nucleotides

used to create genetic maps of organisms

43
Q

haplotype

A

a piece of chromsome with a set of linked SNPs `

44
Q

DNA microarray

A

a grid of microscopic spots of oligonucleotides arrayed on a solid surface
depend on hypbridization to identify SNPs
has DNA and RNA complementary to oligonuleotides

45
Q

pharmacogenomics

A

the study of how an individual’s genome affects his or her response to drugs or other agents
goal is to personalize drug treatment

46
Q

Proteomics

A

proteins in families
lots of proteins just have reshuffled domains
disease

47
Q

metabolomics

A

some progress needs to be related to physiology

48
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

a group og yrchniques used to identify particular individuals by their DNA the most common involves STR analysis

AP Biology (22 decks)

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