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AP Biology > Chapter 34: Neurons and Nervous Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 34: Neurons and Nervous Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells

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2
Q

glia

A

glial cells

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3
Q

cell body [of a neuron]

A

the nucleus and most organelles

where the typical cell ish stuff is found

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4
Q

dendrites

A

likes tree branches
trees
bring info from other sources to the cell body, like the branches bring the products of photosynthesis to the trunk [but not really]

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5
Q

excitable

A

neurons create and send electrical signals, which makes them excitable

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6
Q

T or F: Neurons are excitable

A

true

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7
Q

axon

A

a tail like projection that can be freakishly long, like almost as long as you are tall long.
telephone lines of the nervous systems
generate the action potentials, which will travel down the axon

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8
Q

nerve

A

a bundle of axons that come from tons of neurons

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9
Q

axon terminal

A

a bump like thing at the end of the axon that is super duper close to the target cell, forming a synapse

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10
Q

synapse

A

tiny gap across which two neurons communicate, either electrically or chemically [neurotransmitters]

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11
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

neuron that sends the signal

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12
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

neuron that receives the signal

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13
Q

Astrocytes

A

Glia that surround the smallest, most permeable blood vessels that help prevent toxic chemicals from entering

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14
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Synapse modification

Glia play a role in that

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15
Q

Glia

A

Don’t generate action potentials
Can release neurotransmitters
Support developing neurons during embryonic development
Maintain extra cellular environment and provide energy substrates
Assist in neuronal repair

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16
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Prevents toxic chemicals and ether soluble/large molecules from reaching the brain

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17
Q

Microglia

A

Provide the brain with immune with defenses

Act as macrophages and mediators of immune responses

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18
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Glia in brain and spinal cord

Their membranes insulate axons

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19
Q

Schwann cells

A

A type of glia

Insulate axons outside the brain and spinal cord with their membranes

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20
Q

Myelin

A

A lipid rich no conductive sheath formed by the multilayered wrap of glial membranes

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21
Q

White matter

A

Parts of the nervous system consisting of misty myelinated axons

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22
Q

Gray matter

A

Areas of the nervous system that are rich in cell bodies

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23
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Demyelinating disease

Autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack proteins in the myelin

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24
Q

Neural networks

A

Information processing systems that neurons are organized into

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25
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Carry sensory info to nervous system

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26
Q

Sensory cells

A

Convert sensory stimuli into action potentials

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27
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Carry command to physiological and behavioral effectors like muscles and glands

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28
Q

Motor neurons

A

Type of effector neuron that carry commands to muscles

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29
Q

Interneurons

A

Integrate and store information and communicate between afferent and efferent

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30
Q

Ganglia

A

Clusters of neurons

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31
Q

Membrane potential

A

The difference in electrical potential across plasma membranes

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32
Q

Action potentials

A

Nerve impulses
large, sudden, and transient changes in membrane potential that travel alone axons and prompt the release of chemical signals at the axon terminals

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33
Q

Voltage

A

a measure of the difference in electrical charge between two points
potential energy
opposite charges will move together if given a chance

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34
Q

Is this an example of voltage difference?
Negative and positive poles of a battery are connected by a wire and an electric current flows through them [because of the possible voltage difference]

A

Yes

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35
Q

Membrane potential

A

a voltage across the cell membrane, caused by differing concentrations of ions on the outside and inside of the cell

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36
Q

Resting Potential

A

the membrane potential in an inactive neuron

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37
Q

What is the typical resting potential in a cell?

A

between -60 and -70 millivolts

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38
Q

True or false: The inside of the cell is electrically negative compared with the outside

A

True

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39
Q

True or False: Action Potential causes the inside of the cell to become more positive

A

True

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40
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

aka sodium-potassium ATPase

Sends Na+ out of the cell because it has no need for excessive amounts of positivity and brings in smaller amounts of K+

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41
Q

True or False: K+ and Na+ are the predominant ions in the extracellular fluid

A

false: Na+ and Cl- are the predominant ions in the extracellular fluid, K+ is more prevalent inside of the cell

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42
Q

If Na+ could follow its concentration gradient, it would move __________ of the cell?

A

inside, K+ would leave

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43
Q

True or false: concentration gradients generate resting potential

A

true

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44
Q

True or false: concentration gradients can change resting potential

A

true

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45
Q

Would you notice a voltage difference between electrodes placed in two places outside of a resting neuron?

A

nope, the difference lies between outside and inside of the cell

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46
Q

What is the voltage difference between the outside and inside of neurons caused by?

A

leak currents

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47
Q

Leak currents

A

occur because there are open channels which embrace the spirit of heyyyy let’s be inclusive and let everyone in/out you do you ion

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48
Q

K+ leakage

A

one of the leakiest

K+ diffuses outside of the membrane until the negative charge of the cell pulls it back

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49
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

combination of the concentration gradient of the ion and the overall electric gradient of the cell

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50
Q

Equilibrium potential

A

of ions
no net movement
ex. K+ with an electrochemical gradient of 0 in a neuron

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51
Q

Voltage-gated channels

A

open or close in response to local changes in voltage across membrane

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52
Q

Chemically gated channels

A

open or close in response to certain molecules

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53
Q

Mechanically gated channels

A

open or close based on the mechanical force applied to the cell membrane

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54
Q

depolarized

A

ex. when neuron becomes more positive due to the influx of sodium ions

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55
Q

hyperpoalrized

A

neuron becomes more negative due to the influx of potassium ions

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56
Q

graded membrane potentials

A

small, local changes in membrane potential that vary in magnitude
integrate inputs in a cell
look at sum of all of the depolarizing and hyper polarizing
spreads quickly but decays as it spreads like water through leaky hose

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57
Q

True or False: graded membrane potentials can carry a signal all the way down an axon

A

false, only action potentials do this

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58
Q

axon hillock

A

region of the cell body at the base of the axon
high concentration of Na+ gates
must let in enough Na+ in order to reach the threshold for the neuron to fire

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59
Q

refractory period

A

Na+ gated channels can not open again

prevent signal form going backwards

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60
Q

all-or-nothing

A

DESCRIBES ACTION POTENTIALS oops caps lock

either firing or isn’t, no different rates

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61
Q

Why all-or-nothing?

A

positive feedback loop for Na+ gated channels

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62
Q

`self-regenerating

A

spread by local current to neighbors

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63
Q

describe axon potentials

A

all-or-nothing self-regenerating

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64
Q

True or False: Action potentials travel along all axons at the same speed

A

False

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65
Q

True or False: Action potentials fire faster with long diameter

A

true

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66
Q

myelination

A

glia wrap themselves around axons

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67
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

unmyelinated gaps

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68
Q

saltatory conduction

A

action potentials jump from node to node

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69
Q

chemical synapse

A

most common type

neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic cell and bind to receptors in postsynaptic cell, causing a change

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70
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

space between presynaptic and postsynaptic cell

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71
Q

Electrical Synapses

A

join cytoplasms of pre and post synaptic cells through GAP Junctions

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72
Q

Gap Junctions

A

made up of proteins that create channels
ions flow through these allowing a passive spread of action potential
Pro: fast transmission
Con: don’t allow for complicated integration from many different sources

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73
Q

connexins

A

proteins that make up gap junctions

74
Q

neuromuscular junctions

A

synapses between motor neurons and skeletal muscles

75
Q

bouton

A

end of axon terminal that contains vesicles full of neurotransmitters

76
Q

ACh

A

neurotransmitter used by vertebrate neuromuscular synapses

77
Q

Which voltage gate opens first at neuromuscular junctions?

A

Ca2+, the ion flows into the axon terminal where it causes ACh vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane

78
Q

motor end plate

A

depression formed by the postsynaptic membrane of a neuromuscular junction, when ACh binds to this, Na+ and K+ flow through, making inside more positive and causing depolarization

79
Q

excitatory

A

causes depolarization

80
Q

inhibitory

A

causes hyperpolarization

81
Q

Summation

A

integrating the influences of many different inputs

82
Q

Spatial Summation

A

Adds up the simultaneous influences of synapses at different sites on a cell

83
Q

Temporal Summation

A

adds up potentials generated at the same site in a rapid sequence

84
Q

How can neurotransmitter action be terminated?

A

Enzymes destroy it
diffuse away
get taken up by cell membranes

85
Q

True or false: Every neurotransmitter can have multiple receptor sites

A

True

ex. ACh has nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors

86
Q

Muscarinic receptors

A

ACh, tend to be inhibitory

87
Q

Nicotinic receptors

A

ACh, tend to be excitatory

88
Q

Where do neurotransmitters come from?

A

cell body

89
Q

Ionotropic Receptors

A

Ion channels

quick, short-lived responses

90
Q

Metabotropic Receptors

A

Not ion channels, cause signaling cascades

slower and longer lived

91
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

92
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

neurons not in brain and spinal cord

93
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

output of CNS that control involuntary function

ex. heartbeat, sweat

94
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

Part of ANS

fight or flight

95
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

part of ANS
rest and digest
parachute

96
Q

Preganglionic Neuron

A

cell body in CNS that begins autonomic pathways

97
Q

Nonadrenergic Neurons

A

release norepinephrine

sympathetic

98
Q

Cholinergic Neurons

A

release acetylcholine

Parasympathetic

99
Q

Pacemaker

A

part of heart that generates beat
receives input from both para and symp
they produce opp effects

100
Q

Gray Matter

A

Rich in cell bodies

101
Q

White Matter

A

rich in myelinated axons

102
Q

spinal reflexes

A

information doesn’t go to the brain, spinal cord just gives a simple reaction

103
Q

monosynaptic reflexes

A

involve two neurons and one synapse
ex. knee jerk reaction
simplest of spinal reflexes

104
Q

Antagonistic pairs of muscles

A

Flexors and extensors

105
Q

Brainstem

A

pons, medulla, and midbrain

106
Q

reticular system

A

network of brainstem neurons

107
Q

diencephalon

A

central region of the brain

thalamus and hypothalamus— maintains homeostasis

108
Q

telencephalon

A

Surrounds diencephalon

limbic system

109
Q

limbic system

A

instinctive reactions

pleasure, pain, fear, emotion, memory

110
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotion

fear and fear memories

111
Q

Hippocampus

A

memory

112
Q

Cerebrum

A

outer part of telencephalon

113
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Modified muscle fibers in the quadriceps that form stretch receptors that are inner cared by the neuron

114
Q

Cerebrum

A

Dominant part of mammalian brain

Two hemispheres

115
Q

Left and right cerebral hemispheres

A

Make up cerebrum

Cover outer parts of brain with the exception of cerebellum

116
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outermost layer of cerebral cortex

117
Q

Convolutions

A

Ridges that the cerebral cortex is folded into to maximize surface area

118
Q

Association cortex

A

Areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in higher order information processing
Hard to define specific function because responsible for integration of information from many different senses and memory

119
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Processes auditory info
Also visual processing
Association areas recognize, identify, and name objects

120
Q

Agnosias

A

Disorders caused by damage to the temporal love

Aware of object but can’t identify

121
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Association areas involved with feeling and planning contribute to personality

122
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

In frontal lobe

Neurons in this region control muscles in specific parts of the body

123
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Association area attends to complex stimuli

Visual info to 3D

124
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

In parietal lobe

Receives touch and pressure information

125
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Receives and processes visual info
Association areas make sense of visual world and translate visuals into language
Ex. Woman with damage can’t see motion, just still images

126
Q

Lateralization

A

Occurs mainly in one half of the brain

Ex. Language

127
Q

T or F: language abilities are localized in the left hemisphere

A

True

128
Q

Aphasia

A

Deficit in ability to use or understand words

Often from damage to left hemisphere

129
Q

Broca’s area

A

In frontal lobe
A language area
Essential for PRODUCTION of language
Patients with damage to this area can still understand speech

130
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Located in temporal lobe
A language area
Essential to UNDERSTANDING language
Patients with damage to this area can produce fluent sounding gibberish

131
Q

Learning

A

Modification of behavior by experience

132
Q

Memory

A

Ability of nervous system to retain what it has learned and experienced

133
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

High frequency electrical stimulation is neuronal circuits makes them
More sensitive to later stimulation

134
Q

Associative learning

A

Two unrelated stimuli linked to same response

135
Q

Conditioned reflex

A

Example of associative learning
Pavlov
Ex. Dog salivation experiment

136
Q

Observational learning

A

More complex
Watch another person exhibit behavior
Form and store a memory of that
Copy/use info

137
Q

Declarative memory

A

I know that….
Memory of events/facts:people
Conscious recall and description

138
Q

Procedural memory

A

Perform a task

Ride a bike

139
Q

Immediate memory

A

RIGHT NOW almost photographic but lasts about 2 seconds

140
Q

Short-term memory

A

Not as much info as immediate, but longer lasting

141
Q

Long-term memory

A

Lasts the longest amount of time

142
Q

True or False: sleepwalking occurs during REM sleep

A

False

143
Q

true or false: the body is paralyzed during REM sleep

A

True

144
Q

REM sleep

A

Stands for rapid eye movement
Body is paralyzed
Vivid dreams
Brain activity most similar to an awake brain

145
Q

Non-REM sleep

A

Stages 1-4 of sleep

Majority of sleep is non REM (in adults)

146
Q

Insular cortex (insula)

A

Part of forebrain

Integrates info from all over the body to create a sensation of how the body feels

147
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Modified muscle fibers in the quadriceps that form stretch receptors that are inner cared by the neuron

148
Q

Cerebrum

A

Dominant part of mammalian brain

Two hemispheres

149
Q

Left and right cerebral hemispheres

A

Make up cerebrum

Cover outer parts of brain with the exception of cerebellum

150
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outermost layer of cerebral cortex

151
Q

Convolutions

A

Ridges that the cerebral cortex is folded into to maximize surface area

152
Q

Association cortex

A

Areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in higher order information processing
Hard to define specific function because responsible for integration of information from many different senses and memory

153
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Processes auditory info
Also visual processing
Association areas recognize, identify, and name objects

154
Q

Agnosias

A

Disorders caused by damage to the temporal love

Aware of object but can’t identify

155
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Association areas involved with feeling and planning contribute to personality

156
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

In frontal lobe

Neurons in this region control muscles in specific parts of the body

157
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Association area attends to complex stimuli

Visual info to 3D

158
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

In parietal lobe

Receives touch and pressure information

159
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Receives and processes visual info
Association areas make sense of visual world and translate visuals into language
Ex. Woman with damage can’t see motion, just still images

160
Q

Lateralization

A

Occurs mainly in one half of the brain

Ex. Language

161
Q

T or F: language abilities are localized in the left hemisphere

A

True

162
Q

Aphasia

A

Deficit in ability to use or understand words

Often from damage to left hemisphere

163
Q

Broca’s area

A

In frontal lobe
A language area
Essential for PRODUCTION of language
Patients with damage to this area can still understand speech

164
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Located in temporal lobe
A language area
Essential to UNDERSTANDING language
Patients with damage to this area can produce fluent sounding gibberish

165
Q

Learning

A

Modification of behavior by experience

166
Q

Memory

A

Ability of nervous system to retain what it has learned and experienced

167
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

High frequency electrical stimulation is neuronal circuits makes them
More sensitive to later stimulation

168
Q

Associative learning

A

Two unrelated stimuli linked to same response

169
Q

Conditioned reflex

A

Example of associative learning
Pavlov
Ex. Dog salivation experiment

170
Q

Observational learning

A

More complex
Watch another person exhibit behavior
Form and store a memory of that
Copy/use info

171
Q

Declarative memory

A

I know that….
Memory of events/facts:people
Conscious recall and description

172
Q

Procedural memory

A

Perform a task

Ride a bike

173
Q

Immediate memory

A

RIGHT NOW almost photographic but lasts about 2 seconds

174
Q

Short-term memory

A

Not as much info as immediate, but longer lasting

175
Q

Long-term memory

A

Lasts the longest amount of time

176
Q

True or False: sleepwalking occurs during REM sleep

A

False

177
Q

true or false: the body is paralyzed during REM sleep

A

True

178
Q

REM sleep

A

Stands for rapid eye movement
Body is paralyzed
Vivid dreams
Brain activity most similar to an awake brain

179
Q

Non-REM sleep

A

Stages 1-4 of sleep

Majority of sleep is non REM (in adults)

180
Q

Insular cortex (insula)

A

Part of forebrain

Integrates info from all over the body to create a sensation of how the body feels

AP Biology (22 decks)

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