Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Biology > Chapter 14: Genes, Development, and Evolution > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Genes, Development, and Evolution Flashcards

0
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Development

A

The process by which a multicellular organism, starting with a single cell, goes through a series of changes, taking in the successive forms that characterize its life cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Embryo

A

Plant or animal in earliest stages of development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Determination

A

The developmental fate of a cell-what type it will become- before characteristics of the cell are apparent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Differentiation

A

The process by which different types of cells arise from less specialized cells, leading to cells with specific structures and functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Morphogenesis

A

The organization and spatial distribution of differentiated cells into the multicellular body and its organs
can occur by cell division, cell expansions, cell movements and apoptosis `

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Growth

A

the increase in size of the body and it’s organs by cell division and cell expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cell fate

A

the destiny of cells to become part of a certain tissue type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the difference between determination and differentiation?

A

determination is a commitment; the ginal realization of that commitment is differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What influences determination?

A

changes in gene expression and the extracellular environement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

IS determination visible?

A

nope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

totipotent

A

cell able to form the entire organism

generally, this belongs to just the zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

dedifferentiate

A

lose differentiated characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

genomic equivalence

A

of somativ cells

all cells have a complete genome and the info to be any cell in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

enucleated egg

A

unfertilized egg without a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

meristems

A

clusters of undifferentiated, rapidly dividing stem cells at the tips of roots and stems of plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

true or false: adult mamamals have stem cells in practically all of their tissues

A

true

they are there so they can replace lost cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

multipotent

A

can form a limited repertoire of differentiated cells

differentaites on demand (respond to sepcific signals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hematopoietic stem cells

A

red and white bloof cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mesenchymal stem cells

A

cells that make done and surrounging tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

HSSCT

A

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
cancer treatment
stem cells removed from blood before treatment and are given signals to increase number in the lab and then stored and then added back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pluripotent

A

the abilitiy to form all the cells in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

puripotent stem cells from the blastocyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

inducedd pluripotent stem cells

A

made from skin cells (pluripotent stem cells)
use microarrays to compare the genes expressed in ESCs with non stem cells
2. they isolated these genes and made them into a vector for transformation
3. showed that these could be made to differentiate

25
True or false: cell division and cell differentiation are mutually exclusive in many parts of the embryo
true
26
MyoD
a trenascription factor activated by cell signaling | activates the gene for p21, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, causing the cell cycle to stop
27
What are the two ways a cell can be made to transcribe a different set of genes than another cell?
asymtmetical distribution of a cytoplasmic factor inside the cell so that its two progent cells receive unequal amounts of the factor differential exposure of the two cells to an external inducer
28
polarity
the embryo develops a distinct top and bottom that will be opposite ends of a mature organism
29
animal pole
top of zygote
30
vegetal pole
bottom of zygote
31
cytoplasmic segregation
certain materials are distributed unequally in the edd cytoplasm the amount og these materials determine the cells fate
32
cytoplasmic determinants
mateirals in the cell that are distributed in egg cytoplasm and help determine cell fate embryonic development `
33
What properties help the mivrotubules and microfilaments move around the cytoplasmic determinants?
they have polarity | cytoskeletal elements can bind specific proteins, which can be used in the transport of mRNA
34
induction
the signaling events by which cells in a developing embryo communicate and influence one another's developmental fate inactivation or activation of specific sets of genes through signal transduction cascades in the responding cells
35
true or false: much of development is controlled by molecular switches that allow a cell to proceed down one of two alternative tracks
true
36
pattern formation
the developmental process that results in the spatial organization of a tissue or organism linked to morphogenesis
37
What do the spatial differences in gene expression depend on?
the cells in th tissue must know where they are in relation to the body the cells must activate the pattern of gene expression that is appropriate for their location
38
organ identity genes
encode proteins that act in combination to produce specific whorl features
39
homeotic mutation
genes that cause replacement of one organ for another
40
positional infromation
spatial sense of cells
41
morphogen
an inducer that provides positional information by diffusing from one group of cells to surrounding cells and setting up a concentration gradient
42
What are the requirements for a signal to be considered a morphogen?
must specifcally affect target cells | different concentrations of the signal must cause different effects
43
Zone of paralyzinf actvity
sercrete a morphogen which forms a gradient that determines the posterior anterior axis of the developing limg
44
maternal effect genes
set up the major axes (anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral) of the egg produce cytoplasmic determinants
45
segmentation genes
determine the boundary and polarity of each of the segments | and number
46
Hox genes
determine what organ will be made at a given location encode a family of transcription factors that are expressed in different combinations along the length of the embryo, and help determine cell fates within each segment
47
gap genes
organize broad areas along the anterior-posterior axis | mutations in these result in gaps in the body plan
48
pair rule genes
divide the embryo into units of two segments each | mutations result in embryos missing every other segment
49
segment polarity genes
determine the boundaries and anterior-posterior organization of the individual segments mutations in segment polarity genes result in segments where posterior structures are replaced by reverse anterior ones
50
homeobox
a sequences that encodes an amino acid sequence called the homeodomain common in different Hox genes
51
homeodomain
recognizes and binds to a specific DNA sequence in the promoters of target genes
52
evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo)
interplay between evolutionary and developmental processes
53
Major ideas of evo devo
many groups of plants and animals, even distantly related ones, share similar molevular mechanisms for development (same toolkits) modularity changes in the location and timing of the expression of key genes are important in the evolution of new things development produces morphology and much of morphological evolution occurs by modification of the existing genes and pathways, not the creation of new ones
54
modularity
the molecular pathways that determine different developmental processes operate independently from one another
55
genetic toolkit
developmental mechanisms | modified and reshuffled over evolution
56
genetic switches
control how the genetic toolkit is used involve promoters and transcription factors and enhancers translate positional info in the embryo
57
heterochrony
the genes regulating the development of a module may be expressed at different developmental stages or for different durations in different species
58
What are the two major ways that developmental genes and expression constrain evolution?
nearly all evolutionary innovations are modifications of previously existing structures the genes that control development are highly conserved' that is, the regulatory genes themselves change slowly over the course of evolution
59
parallel phenotypic evoultion
similar traits will evolve repeatedly, expescially among closely related species

AP Biology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions