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AP Biology > Chapter 14: Genes, Development, and Evolution > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Genes, Development, and Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg

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1
Q

Development

A

The process by which a multicellular organism, starting with a single cell, goes through a series of changes, taking in the successive forms that characterize its life cycle

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2
Q

Embryo

A

Plant or animal in earliest stages of development

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3
Q

Determination

A

The developmental fate of a cell-what type it will become- before characteristics of the cell are apparent

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4
Q

Differentiation

A

The process by which different types of cells arise from less specialized cells, leading to cells with specific structures and functions

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6
Q

Morphogenesis

A

The organization and spatial distribution of differentiated cells into the multicellular body and its organs
can occur by cell division, cell expansions, cell movements and apoptosis `

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7
Q

Growth

A

the increase in size of the body and it’s organs by cell division and cell expansion

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8
Q

cell fate

A

the destiny of cells to become part of a certain tissue type

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9
Q

What is the difference between determination and differentiation?

A

determination is a commitment; the ginal realization of that commitment is differentiation

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10
Q

What influences determination?

A

changes in gene expression and the extracellular environement

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11
Q

IS determination visible?

A

nope

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12
Q

totipotent

A

cell able to form the entire organism

generally, this belongs to just the zygote

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13
Q

dedifferentiate

A

lose differentiated characteristics

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14
Q

genomic equivalence

A

of somativ cells

all cells have a complete genome and the info to be any cell in the body

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15
Q

enucleated egg

A

unfertilized egg without a nucleus

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16
Q

meristems

A

clusters of undifferentiated, rapidly dividing stem cells at the tips of roots and stems of plants

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17
Q

true or false: adult mamamals have stem cells in practically all of their tissues

A

true

they are there so they can replace lost cells

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18
Q

multipotent

A

can form a limited repertoire of differentiated cells

differentaites on demand (respond to sepcific signals)

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19
Q

hematopoietic stem cells

A

red and white bloof cells

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20
Q

mesenchymal stem cells

A

cells that make done and surrounging tissues

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21
Q

HSSCT

A

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
cancer treatment
stem cells removed from blood before treatment and are given signals to increase number in the lab and then stored and then added back

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22
Q

Pluripotent

A

the abilitiy to form all the cells in the body

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23
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

puripotent stem cells from the blastocyst

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24
Q

inducedd pluripotent stem cells

A

made from skin cells (pluripotent stem cells)
use microarrays to compare the genes expressed in ESCs with non stem cells
2. they isolated these genes and made them into a vector for transformation
3. showed that these could be made to differentiate

25
Q

True or false: cell division and cell differentiation are mutually exclusive in many parts of the embryo

A

true

26
Q

MyoD

A

a trenascription factor activated by cell signaling

activates the gene for p21, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, causing the cell cycle to stop

27
Q

What are the two ways a cell can be made to transcribe a different set of genes than another cell?

A

asymtmetical distribution of a cytoplasmic factor inside the cell so that its two progent cells receive unequal amounts of the factor
differential exposure of the two cells to an external inducer

28
Q

polarity

A

the embryo develops a distinct top and bottom that will be opposite ends of a mature organism

29
Q

animal pole

A

top of zygote

30
Q

vegetal pole

A

bottom of zygote

31
Q

cytoplasmic segregation

A

certain materials are distributed unequally in the edd cytoplasm
the amount og these materials determine the cells fate

32
Q

cytoplasmic determinants

A

mateirals in the cell that are distributed in egg cytoplasm and help determine cell fate
embryonic development `

33
Q

What properties help the mivrotubules and microfilaments move around the cytoplasmic determinants?

A

they have polarity

cytoskeletal elements can bind specific proteins, which can be used in the transport of mRNA

34
Q

induction

A

the signaling events by which cells in a developing embryo communicate and influence one another’s developmental fate
inactivation or activation of specific sets of genes through signal transduction cascades in the responding cells

35
Q

true or false: much of development is controlled by molecular switches that allow a cell to proceed down one of two alternative tracks

A

true

36
Q

pattern formation

A

the developmental process that results in the spatial organization of a tissue or organism
linked to morphogenesis

37
Q

What do the spatial differences in gene expression depend on?

A

the cells in th tissue must know where they are in relation to the body
the cells must activate the pattern of gene expression that is appropriate for their location

38
Q

organ identity genes

A

encode proteins that act in combination to produce specific whorl features

39
Q

homeotic mutation

A

genes that cause replacement of one organ for another

40
Q

positional infromation

A

spatial sense of cells

41
Q

morphogen

A

an inducer that provides positional information by diffusing from one group of cells to surrounding cells and setting up a concentration gradient

42
Q

What are the requirements for a signal to be considered a morphogen?

A

must specifcally affect target cells

different concentrations of the signal must cause different effects

43
Q

Zone of paralyzinf actvity

A

sercrete a morphogen which forms a gradient that determines the posterior anterior axis of the developing limg

44
Q

maternal effect genes

A

set up the major axes (anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral) of the egg
produce cytoplasmic determinants

45
Q

segmentation genes

A

determine the boundary and polarity of each of the segments

and number

46
Q

Hox genes

A

determine what organ will be made at a given location
encode a family of transcription factors that are expressed in different combinations along the length of the embryo, and help determine cell fates within each segment

47
Q

gap genes

A

organize broad areas along the anterior-posterior axis

mutations in these result in gaps in the body plan

48
Q

pair rule genes

A

divide the embryo into units of two segments each

mutations result in embryos missing every other segment

49
Q

segment polarity genes

A

determine the boundaries and anterior-posterior organization of the individual segments
mutations in segment polarity genes result in segments where posterior structures are replaced by reverse anterior ones

50
Q

homeobox

A

a sequences that encodes an amino acid sequence called the homeodomain
common in different Hox genes

51
Q

homeodomain

A

recognizes and binds to a specific DNA sequence in the promoters of target genes

52
Q

evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo)

A

interplay between evolutionary and developmental processes

53
Q

Major ideas of evo devo

A

many groups of plants and animals, even distantly related ones, share similar molevular mechanisms for development (same toolkits)
modularity
changes in the location and timing of the expression of key genes are important in the evolution of new things
development produces morphology and much of morphological evolution occurs by modification of the existing genes and pathways, not the creation of new ones

54
Q

modularity

A

the molecular pathways that determine different developmental processes operate independently from one another

55
Q

genetic toolkit

A

developmental mechanisms

modified and reshuffled over evolution

56
Q

genetic switches

A

control how the genetic toolkit is used
involve promoters and transcription factors and enhancers
translate positional info in the embryo

57
Q

heterochrony

A

the genes regulating the development of a module may be expressed at different developmental stages or for different durations in different species

58
Q

What are the two major ways that developmental genes and expression constrain evolution?

A

nearly all evolutionary innovations are modifications of previously existing structures
the genes that control development are highly conserved’ that is, the regulatory genes themselves change slowly over the course of evolution

59
Q

parallel phenotypic evoultion

A

similar traits will evolve repeatedly, expescially among closely related species

AP Biology (22 decks)

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