Chapter 11: Regulation of Gene Expression

Question 1

True or false: is gene expression precisely regulated?

Answer 1

true

Question 2

Constitutive genes

Answer 2

actively expressed all the time

Question 3

Inducible genes

Answer 3

expressed only when their proteins are needed by the cell

Question 4

Transcription factors

Answer 4

regulatory proteins that controls whether or not a gene is active

Question 5

repressor

Answer 5

a type of transcription factor

binds near promoter to prevent transcription in negative regulation

Question 6

Activator

Answer 6

binds to stimulate transctipation in positive regulation

Question 7

virus

Answer 7

bad news wrapped in protein
aceullar
not cells
do not carry out cell processes

Question 8

lytic cycle

Answer 8

immediately produces virions, which release as the cell breaks open

Question 9

Lysogenic cycle

Answer 9

virus incorporates DNA into host DNA in a dormant phase

Question 10

early stage of lytic cycle

Answer 10

viral genes near promoter are transcribed

mess up regular cell stuff

Question 11

late stage of lytoc cycle

Answer 11

viral genes transcribed, make proteins, lyse cell

Question 12

Reverse transcripitase

Answer 12

makes DNA that is complimentary to RNA b

degrade RNA two DNA

Question 13

provirus

Answer 13

viral DNA integrated in host DNA

Question 14

inducer

Answer 14

switches genes on

Question 15

atructural genes

Answer 15

specify the primary structure of a protein molevule that is not involved in regulation

Question 16

Operon

Answer 16

cluster of genes with a single promoter

Question 17

operator

Answer 17

part of operon

near promoter controls transcription of structural genes

Question 18

inducible operon

Answer 18

turned off unless needed

Question 19

repressible operon

Answer 19

turned on unless needed

Question 20

What is the key to the lac operon regulatory system?

Answer 20

the repressor protein

Question 21

co-repressor

Answer 21

part of repressible operon

when it binds to the repressor, the repressor will bind to the DNA/operator amd inhibit transcription

Question 22

true or false: generally inducible systems control catabolic pathways (turned on when the substrate is available) while repressible systems control anabolic pathways (turned on until the concentration of the product becomes excesssive)

Answer 22

true

Question 23

Sigma factors

Answer 23

bind to RNA polymerase and direct it to specific promoters

Question 24

sporulation

Answer 24

a new alternative style that all the hip young bacteria are trying out
reduce metabolism and form a tough spore coat

Question 25

TATA box

Answer 25

most common core Eukaryotic promoter sequence

Question 26

General transcription factors

Answer 26

bind to core promoter, allowing RNA poly to bind to promoter wing women

Question 27

enhancers

Answer 27

DNA sequences that bind to activators

Question 28

silencers

Answer 28

DNA sequences that bind to repressors

Question 29

NFAT

Answer 29

transcription factors that control the expression of the bases of DNA available for H bonding

Question 30

True or false, if they bind ti the same transcription factors, the expression of genes can be coordinated

Answer 30

true

Question 31

Can epigenetic changes be passed on to daughter cells?

Answer 31

yes

Question 32

Epigenetic changes

Answer 32

reversible, non-sequence specific alterations to either the DNA or the chromsomal proteins that package the DNA in the nucleus

Question 33

DNA methyltransferase

Answer 33

add methyl groups to cytosine covalently

Question 34

CpG islands

Answer 34

regions r ich in C residues adjaacent to G ones | lots of promoters

Question 35

Maintenance methylase

Answer 35

catalyzes formation of methyl cytosine bond

Question 36

demethylase

Answer 36

removes methyl from cytosine

Question 37

heterochromatn

Answer 37

dark | usyally not transcribed

Question 38

euchomatin

Answer 38

DNA ---> RNA region | a type of chromatin

Question 39

Barr body

Answer 39

heterochromatic | inactivated gene hanging out in nucleus

Question 40

Chromatin remodeling

Answer 40

alterationo of chromatin structure

Question 41

Histone

Answer 41

DNA wraps around it | + chare

Question 42

nucleisimw

Answer 42

histone + DNA

Question 43

histone acetyltransferases

Answer 43

add acetyl griyos to positiveky charged amino acuis neutralize charge, relweasing it from DNA promote transcription

Question 44

histone deacetylase

Answer 44

remove acetyl groups from histones, preventing transcription

Question 45

True or false: the environment plays a role in epigenetic modifications

Answer 45

true

Question 46

Alternative splicing

Answer 46

messing up the splicing of introns and exons can help generate different prtoteins with different jobs ex. HIV Drosophila

Question 47

MicroRNA miRNA

Answer 47

really really small bits of transcribed DNA from noncoding regions

Question 48

Inhibition of translation with miRNAs

Answer 48

one way to reulate translation

Question 49

Modification of the 5' cap

Answer 49

a way to modify translation, needs cap for translation

Question 50

Translation repressor proteins

Answer 50

a way to modify translation | block translatation by binding to mRNA and preventing attachement to the ribosome

Question 51

Translational repressor prtein

Answer 51

prevents transaltion

Question 52

Uniquitin

Answer 52

a certain common chain of amino acids

Question 53

Proteasome

Answer 53

binds to protein-polyubiquitin molecule | break down proteins