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AP Biology > Chapter 11: Regulation of Gene Expression > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Regulation of Gene Expression Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

True or false: is gene expression precisely regulated?

A

true

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2
Q

Constitutive genes

A

actively expressed all the time

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3
Q

Inducible genes

A

expressed only when their proteins are needed by the cell

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4
Q

Transcription factors

A

regulatory proteins that controls whether or not a gene is active

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5
Q

repressor

A

a type of transcription factor

binds near promoter to prevent transcription in negative regulation

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6
Q

Activator

A

binds to stimulate transctipation in positive regulation

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7
Q

virus

A

bad news wrapped in protein
aceullar
not cells
do not carry out cell processes

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8
Q

lytic cycle

A

immediately produces virions, which release as the cell breaks open

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9
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

virus incorporates DNA into host DNA in a dormant phase

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10
Q

early stage of lytic cycle

A

viral genes near promoter are transcribed

mess up regular cell stuff

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11
Q

late stage of lytoc cycle

A

viral genes transcribed, make proteins, lyse cell

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12
Q

Reverse transcripitase

A

makes DNA that is complimentary to RNA b

degrade RNA two DNA

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13
Q

provirus

A

viral DNA integrated in host DNA

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14
Q

inducer

A

switches genes on

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15
Q

atructural genes

A

specify the primary structure of a protein molevule that is not involved in regulation

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16
Q

Operon

A

cluster of genes with a single promoter

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17
Q

operator

A

part of operon

near promoter controls transcription of structural genes

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18
Q

inducible operon

A

turned off unless needed

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19
Q

repressible operon

A

turned on unless needed

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20
Q

What is the key to the lac operon regulatory system?

A

the repressor protein

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21
Q

co-repressor

A

part of repressible operon

when it binds to the repressor, the repressor will bind to the DNA/operator amd inhibit transcription

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22
Q

true or false: generally inducible systems control catabolic pathways (turned on when the substrate is available) while repressible systems control anabolic pathways (turned on until the concentration of the product becomes excesssive)

A

true

23
Q

Sigma factors

A

bind to RNA polymerase and direct it to specific promoters

24
Q

sporulation

A

a new alternative style that all the hip young bacteria are trying out
reduce metabolism and form a tough spore coat

25
Q

TATA box

A

most common core Eukaryotic promoter sequence

26
Q

General transcription factors

A

bind to core promoter, allowing RNA poly to bind to promoter
wing women

27
Q

enhancers

A

DNA sequences that bind to activators

28
Q

silencers

A

DNA sequences that bind to repressors

29
Q

NFAT

A

transcription factors that control the expression of the bases of DNA available for H bonding

30
Q

True or false, if they bind ti the same transcription factors, the expression of genes can be coordinated

A

true

31
Q

Can epigenetic changes be passed on to daughter cells?

A

yes

32
Q

Epigenetic changes

A

reversible, non-sequence specific alterations to either the DNA or the chromsomal proteins that package the DNA in the nucleus

33
Q

DNA methyltransferase

A

add methyl groups to cytosine covalently

34
Q

CpG islands

A

regions r ich in C residues adjaacent to G ones

lots of promoters

35
Q

Maintenance methylase

A

catalyzes formation of methyl cytosine bond

36
Q

demethylase

A

removes methyl from cytosine

37
Q

heterochromatn

A

dark

usyally not transcribed

38
Q

euchomatin

A

DNA —> RNA region

a type of chromatin

39
Q

Barr body

A

heterochromatic

inactivated gene hanging out in nucleus

40
Q

Chromatin remodeling

A

alterationo of chromatin structure

41
Q

Histone

A

DNA wraps around it

+ chare

42
Q

nucleisimw

A

histone + DNA

43
Q

histone acetyltransferases

A

add acetyl griyos to positiveky charged amino acuis
neutralize charge, relweasing it from DNA
promote transcription

44
Q

histone deacetylase

A

remove acetyl groups from histones, preventing transcription

45
Q

True or false: the environment plays a role in epigenetic modifications

A

true

46
Q

Alternative splicing

A

messing up the splicing of introns and exons
can help generate different prtoteins with different jobs
ex. HIV
Drosophila

47
Q

MicroRNA miRNA

A

really really small bits of transcribed DNA from noncoding regions

48
Q

Inhibition of translation with miRNAs

A

one way to reulate translation

49
Q

Modification of the 5’ cap

A

a way to modify translation, needs cap for translation

50
Q

Translation repressor proteins

A

a way to modify translation

block translatation by binding to mRNA and preventing attachement to the ribosome

51
Q

Translational repressor prtein

A

prevents transaltion

52
Q

Uniquitin

A

a certain common chain of amino acids

53
Q

Proteasome

A

binds to protein-polyubiquitin molecule

break down proteins

AP Biology (22 decks)

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