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AP Biology > Chapter 5: Cell Membranes and Signaling > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Cell Membranes and Signaling Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

The general design of the phospholipid bilayer serves as a lipid lake in which proteins float in

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2
Q

domains

A

the hydrophobic regions of phospholipids

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3
Q

Hydrophilic region of a phospholipid

A

Phosphorous containing head
electrically charged
gets along really well with polar water molecules

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4
Q

Hydrophobic regions of a phospholipid

A

associate with other hydrophobic substances

Long, non polar fatty acid tails

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5
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

the tails interact on the inside while the heads are on the outside

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6
Q

lipid composition

A

the kinds of lipids that make up the membrane/their proportion

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7
Q

Lipid Composition

A

One of the two factors that affects membrane fluidity
Cholestorl and saturated fats pack together and are less fluid
Unsaturated fats or ones with short chains increase membrane fluidity

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8
Q

Temperature

A

One of the two factors that affects membrane fluidity
Fluidity declines under cold temperatures
some animals change lipid composition to get through this problem by replacing saturated with unsaturated

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9
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins

A

lack exposed hydrophobic groups and are not embedded in the bilayer
Instead, had polar or charged regions that interacted with exposed parts of the integral membrane proteins or with the polar heads of the phospholipids

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10
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A

at least partly embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

have hyrophobic and hydrophilic regions

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11
Q

anchored membrane proteins

A

have fatty acids or lipid groups covanlently attached to them
hydrophobic lipid components that anchor them in the phospholipid bilayer

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12
Q

transmembrane protein

A

an integral membrane protein that extends all the way through the phospholipid bilayer and protrudes on both sides
always oriented the same way

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13
Q

Transmembrane domains

A

extend through the bilayer

transmembrane proteins have them

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14
Q

glycolipid

A

carbohydrate covalently bonded to a lipid

carb goes out of cell surface and may serve as a recognition signal

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15
Q

glycoprotein

A

carbohydrate covalently bonded to a protein
The carbohydrate is an oligosaccharide of 15 or fewer monosaccharide units
often function as signaling units

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16
Q

selective permeability

A

biological membranes allow some sometimes, but not others to pass through
like the bachelor (not everyone gets a rose)

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17
Q

Passive transport

A

direct input of metabolic energy is NOT required to drive these processes
kind of just happens
gradients though

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18
Q

Active transport

A

requires the input of metabolic energy from an outside source

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19
Q

diffusion

A

process of random movement toward a state of equilibrium
net movement from greater concentration to lower
very slow process in living tissues

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20
Q

equilibrium

A

the state in which a solution in which solute molecules are evenly distributed is in

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21
Q

Factors that determine how fast a substance diffuses

A

diameter of molecules or ions: smaller diffuses faster
temperature of the solution: higher temperature, more movement, faster diffusion
concentration gradient: change in solute concentration with distance in a given direction
greater concentration gradient, the more rapidly it diffuses

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22
Q

simple diffusion

A

just passes through

in membranes, must be teeny weeny, hydrophobic, and lipid solubles

23
Q

Osmosis

A

the movement of water across membranes

24
Q

signal transduction pathway

A

a sequence of molecular events and chemical reactions that lead to a cell’s response to that signal

25
Q

Autocrine signals

A

affect the same cells that release them

ex. many tumor cells make their own division singles

26
Q

Paracrine signals

A

diffuse to and affect nearby cells

ex. neurotransmitter made by one cell stimulates an adjacent one

27
Q

hormones

A

signals to distant cells that travel through the circulatory system

28
Q

Can any cells respond to any stimulus?

A

NOPE!

Only the cells with the necessary receptors can respond

29
Q

allosteric regulation

A

involves an alteration in the three dimensional shape of a protein as a result of the binding of another molecule at a site other than the active site
ex. gated channel

30
Q

law of mass action

A

binding is reversible (noncovalent bonding)

generally favored though

31
Q

Inhibitor or antagonist

A

binds to receptor protein and prevents the binding of the normal ligand
Girlfriend by Avril Lavigne
like competitive inhibition

32
Q

Cytoplasmic receptors

A

small or nonpolar ligands can diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane and enter the cell
ex. estrogen
many regulate gene expression

33
Q

Membrane receptors

A

Large or polar ligands cannot cross the lipid bilayer
ex. Insulin
binds to transmembrane receptor with an extracellular binding domain

34
Q

Protein kinases

A

catalyze this reaction:

ATP + protein —-> ADP + phosphorylated protein

35
Q

simple diffusion

A

to use this to pass through the bilayer, a molecule must be small, hydrophobic, and lipid soluble

36
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a membrane

37
Q

If the total solute concentration is high, then the the concentration of water molecules is….?

A

lower

38
Q

hypertonic solution

A

higher solute concentration than the other solution

39
Q

Isotonic solution

A

equal solute concentrations

40
Q

Hypotonic

A

Lower solute concentration than the other one

41
Q

turgor pressure

A

The pressure within a cell with a cell wall that comes from the limited amount of water the cell can take in, building up internal pressure and preventing water from entering

42
Q

channel proteins

A

integral membrane proteins that form channels actoss the membrane through which certain substances can pass

43
Q

carrier proteins

A

Membrane proteins that speed up diffusion rate through the bilayer

44
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Diffuse according to gradients, but made easier by channel or carrier proteins

45
Q

Ion Channels

A

famous

specific

46
Q

Gated channel

A

opens when a stimulus causes a change in the three-dimensional shape of the channel

47
Q

Ligand

A

binding of a chemical signal

can be the stimulus of a gated channel

48
Q

Ligand-gated channels

A

channels controlled by ligands

49
Q

Voltage-gated channels

A

Opens or closes based on changes in the voltage across the membrane

50
Q

Aquaporins

A

Water is special and gets its own super cool channel to use to diffuse
allow large amounts of water to follow concentration gradients

51
Q

saturated

A

increases in concentration gradient are no longer accopmanied by increased diffusion rates

52
Q

Primary active transport

A

uses ATP directly

53
Q

Secondary Active transport

A

does not use ATP directly

energy comes from electron or ion concentration gradient

54
Q

e

A

m

AP Biology (22 decks)

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