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League of Legends S11 > Chapter 8 : Cell : The Unit of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 8 : Cell : The Unit of Life Flashcards

1
Q

What are unicellular organism capable of ?

A

independent existence

metabolism

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2
Q

Who saw and described the first living cell?

A

Anton Von Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

Who discovered the nucleus and what was the reason ?

A

Robert Brown due to the invention of microscope

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4
Q

Who was Matthais Shleiden and what did he propose?

A

he was a botanist and he noticed that the plants are composed of cells that futher organise to form tissue

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5
Q

Who was T.Shwann and what dd he observe?

A

he was a zoologist and he noticed that the cells have a thin membrane which is now known as plasma membrane

he also noticed that the presence of cell wall is unique character of plants

he also proposed the hypothesis that the bodies of animals and plants are composed of cells and products of cells

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6
Q

Who formulated the cell theory?

A

M. Shleiden and T. Shwann

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7
Q

Who modified the cell theory and what was his statement , what change did he do ?

A

Rudolf Virchow, he first explained that cells divided and new cells are formed from pre-existing cells

his statement was – Omnis Cellula e Cellula

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8
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

1) all living oragnisms are composed of cell and are products of cells
2) al cells arise from pre existing cells

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9
Q

What is an eukaryotic cell ?

A

these are the cells that a membrane bound cell

nucleus

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10
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

they do not have a membrane bound cell nucleus

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11
Q

What are organelles?

A

these are the distinct structure in the cel body that are responsible for carrying out various biological processes .

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12
Q

Name the organelle where ribosomes are found?

A

mitochondria, chloroplasts and rough ER

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13
Q

Which is the smallest cell and what is its length ?

A

Mycoplasma 0.3 micro meter

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14
Q

What is a gram -positive/ negative cell wall?

A

some cells can be stained by gram stain but others are not

gram positive and gram negative cell wall

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15
Q

What are the membraneous extensions into the cell cytoplasm in a cyano bacteria called?

A

chromatophores they contain pigments

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16
Q

What is a flagella ?

A

thin filamentous extension from the cell wall\

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17
Q

What is the average size of a bacterial cell ?

A

3 -5 micro meter

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18
Q

What is the largest isolated cell?

A

ostrich egg

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19
Q

What is the average diameter of human RBC?

A

7 micro meter

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20
Q

What is the longest cell?

A

nerve cell

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21
Q

Give some examples of prokaryotic cell?

A

bacteria , blue green algae , mycoplasma , PPLO

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22
Q

What is the full form of PPLO?

A

pleuro pneumonia like organism

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23
Q

What are the four basic shapes of bacteira?

A

bacillus
coccus
spirilla
vibrio

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24
Q

What is the only prokaryote that does not have a cell wall?

A

mycoplasma

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of prokaryotes?

A 
they have a cell wall 
cytoplasm
no well defined cell wall
gentic material is naked no nuclear membrane 
DNA is single chromosome/ circular DNA
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26
Q

Which organelle is the characteristic of a prokaryote?

A

the mesosome is the characteristics of a prokaryotes

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27
Q

What is the mesosome derived from ? What is their function ? What is its special funciton that makes it very unique ?

A

it is derived from the cell membrane

1) they are in the form of vescicles , tubules and lamellae
2) they help in the cell wall formation
3) DNA replcation
4) distribution of daughter cell
5) RESPIRATION
6) secretion processes
7) increases the surface area of plasma membrane and enzymatic content

It is equivalent to mitochondira .( RESPIRATION) (AEROBIC RESPIRATION)

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28
Q

What are the common organelle in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

ribosome

they dont have any other common cell organelle

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29
Q

Which organelle is the characteristic of a prokaryote?

A

the mesosome is the characteristics of a prokaryotes

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30
Q

What are the layers of the cell envelope ?

A

outer glycocalyx
cell wall
plasma membrane

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31
Q

What are the two types of bacteria and what is the basis of their systemization?

A 
gram positive( they take the gram stain)
 gram negative (they dont take gra stain)

in their basis of getting stained by gram stain

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32
Q

Does glycocalyx determine the shape of the cell ? What are the two types of glycocalyx layer?

A

NO is doesnt determine the shape of the cell

SLIME LAYER
CAPSULE

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33
Q

What is the function of a proaryotic cell wall?

A

they help in giving the cell a shape and stop it fro BURSTING or COLLAPSING

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34
Q

What are the extensions of the cyanobacteria called?

A

they have membranous extensions called the CHROMATOPHORES and they contian PIGMENTS

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35
Q

What helps the bacteria to attach itselp to tissues?

A

FIMBRAE : helps in attachment of the bacteria to the tissue and surfaces like streams

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36
Q

What are the functions of pilli and fimbrae ? Where do they derive from?

A

they derive from the cell membrane
PILLI ( they are made up of protein, they are TUBULAR ,they help in secual CONJUGATION)

FIMBRAE (they are NOT TUBULAR , help ATTACH bacteria to sufaces, like streams and tissues )

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37
Q

What helps the bacteria to attach itselp to tissues?

A

FIMBRAE : helps in attachment of the bacteria to the tissue and surfaces like strems

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38
Q

What is the average size of a ribosome and where are they usually present in the prokaryotes? What is 70s and 80s made up of ?

A

15- 20 nm

they are usually associated with the cell membrane
70 = 50 + 30
80 = 60 + 40

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39
Q

What is polysome?

A

several ribosome attached to a single mRNA

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40
Q

What are inculsion bodies ? Do they have any membrane and give some examples?

A

reserve material in prokaryotic cell are stored in the cytoplasm in the form of inclusion bodies
NO MEMBRANE they lie freely in the cytoplasm

phosphate , glycogen , cyanophycean granules

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41
Q

Where are the gas vacuoles found ?

A

blue green algae and purple and green photosynthetic bacteria

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42
Q

What are the differneces that makes a plant cell and animal cell differnet?

A

PLANT CELL : have cell wall, plastids , and a large central vacuole which is absent in animals

ANIMAL CELL : centrioles ( they are absent in almost all plant cells)

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43
Q

What is the basis of categorizing the two types of protein and what are they?

A

on the basis of ease of extraction

PERIPHERAL and INTEGRAL protien

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44
Q

What is rhe cell membrane composed of and what are their percentages?

A

lipids (40 %)
proteins( 52%)
carbohydrate

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45
Q

What is the singer nicholson model also known as and when was it proposed? What does it state?

A

fluid mosiac model ( 1972)
according to thos the quasi fluid nature of the lipid enables the lateral movement of the protien within the overall layer , this ability to move within the membran is measured as its fluidity

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46
Q

What is fluidity? What does it help in?

A

ability of protein to move within the membran is measured as its fluidity

cell growth, formation of intercellular junction, secretion, endocytosis, cell division

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47
Q

What moves across the cell membrane by passive, water ,facillitated, active transport ?

A

passie : neutral solutes
water : osmosis
facillitates: ions w/ carrier protien
active transport : Na+/ K + pump

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48
Q

What are functions of cell wall in eukaryotes?

A

gives the shape to the cell
protects the cel from mechanical damage and infection
cell to cell ineration
provide barrier to undesirable material

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49
Q

What is the algael cell wall composed of?

What is the fungal cell wall composed of ?

A

cellulose , galalctans , mannans and mineralslike CaCO3

fungal cell wall : chitin

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50
Q

What is the plant cell wall composed of?

A

cellulose , hemicellulose , pectins , protien

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51
Q

What is the middle lamellae made up of?

A

Ca pectate

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52
Q

What is ER ? How does it divide the cytoplasm? What are its two types?

A

it is hte network of tubular structures scattered in the cytoplasm

intracellular / extra cellular
SER / RER

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53
Q

Which ER is seen continous with the membrane of the nucleus?

A

RER

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54
Q

What is the funciton of RER and SER?

A

RER: protien
SER: lipid, steriodal hormones

55
Q

Who discovered golgi bodes and when?

A

1898 by CAMILLIO GOLGI

56
Q

What is the diameter of golgi body ?

A

1 - 0.5 micro meter

57
Q

What are the two faces of the golgi bodies? Which one faces the nucleus?

A

cis and trans face

cis face faces the nucleus

58
Q

What is the function of golgi body ?

A

packaging material to be delivered intra ceullular or to extra ceullular targets

59
Q

What is the most important site of formation of glycoprotein and glycolipids ?

A

GOLGI BODIES

60
Q

What is the organelle that is responsible for the formation of lysosomes?

A

golgi bodies

61
Q

What are the enzymes present in the lysosomes and what is their desired pH?

A

lipase, protease , carbohydratase,

optimal pH = 5 which is ACIDIC

62
Q

What is vacuole and what deos it contain ? What is its membrane known as?

A

it is a membrane bound structure

contains : water, sap, excretory product , other excretory material which is not useful for the cell

it membrane is known as tonoplast

63
Q

How does the tonoplast aid in the ionic balance of the plant cell?

A

they can actively pump ions in the cell sap

64
Q

What is the funciton of contractile vacuole ? What is the function of food vacuole?

A

important for osmoregulation and excretion

its function is to active move susbtances lke ions and other material inside the sap

65
Q

What is a food vacuole ?

A

they store food

66
Q

What is the stain used to stain the mitochondira, What are its dimnesions ? How many membrane does it have? What is its funciton? How does it divide ?

A

janus green B
(0.2 - 1) ( 1.0 -4.1 ) micro meter
it has 2 membranes

aerobic respiration
fission

67
Q

What is present in the inner compartment of mitochondia?

A

matrix

single circular DNA , few RNA, 70s ribosomes for protein synthesis and protein

68
Q

What are cristae?

A

they are the inner infolding of inner mmebrane of hte mitochondria

69
Q

Where are plastids found ? What are its dimensions?

A

in plants and euglenoids

70
Q

On what basis are the plastids divided and what are they ?

A

on the basis of pigements present in it

chlorophyll, chromoplast, leucoplast

71
Q

What is the pigment present in chloroplast, chromoplast and leukoplast?

A

chlorpolast : chlorophyll

chromoplast: carotenoid(carotene, xanthophyll)- gives red, orange color

72
Q

What are the different types of leukplast?

A

amyloplast : cabohydrate
aleuroplast :protein
elaioplast : fats

73
Q

Where are the majority of the chromoplast present?

A

most of them are found in the mesophyll of the plant

74
Q

How many chloroplast are present in mesophyll cell? Which cell has the least number of chloroplast and ho wmany does it have?

A

20-40 per cell

chlamydomonas ( 1 per cel )

75
Q

What is teh average size of a cholroplast ?

A

2-4 micro meter

5 -10 micro meter

76
Q

What the space inside the uner membrane of a chloroplast called?

A

stroma

77
Q

Where are thylakoid present ( which part of achoroplast) and what is the space inside it called? What is grana ?

A

they are present in the stroma of the chloroplast
the space inside it is called lumen

the stack of thylakoid is called a grana

78
Q

What is stroma lammella?

A

the flat membranous tubules that connects the thylakoids are called stroma lamellae

79
Q

What are the things present in the stroma of a chloroplast?

A

carbohydrates , proteins
small circular dsDNA
ribosomes

80
Q

Where are the chlorophyll pigments present in the chloroplast?

A

in the thylakoids

81
Q

What is the type of ribosoems present in the chloroplast?

A

70s

82
Q

What is the difference between stroma and matrix(mito) in composition ?

A

stroma has carb and protien

mito has protien

83
Q

Who discovered ribosomes and when ? What is ribosomes composed of? does it have anu membran?

A

George Palade in (1953)

RNA and protien

NO

84
Q

What does the S stad for in ribosomes? What are its types?

A

svedberg unit

70s : 50 + 30
80 = 60 + 40

85
Q

What are the parts of cytoskeleton? What is their function?

A

microtubules , microfilaments , intermediate filament

SUPPORT, MOTILITY , MAINTENANCE , SHAPE OF THE CELL

86
Q

What is the funciton of cillia and flagella?

A

cilia : mvemnt of external stuff or the cell

flagella : only the cell

87
Q

What is the flagella surrounded by ?

A

plasma membrane

88
Q

What is the core of flagella caled?

A

axoneme

89
Q

What is meant by 9+2 ?

A

9 peripheral doulets and + 2 centrally located mircotubules

90
Q

What is centrosome ?

A

it is composed of centriole

91
Q

What is the centrosome surrounded by ?

A

amorphorous pericentriolar material

92
Q

How are the microtubules in the centrosome located?

A

in cartwheel shape

93
Q

What is the composition of centriole?

A

it has 9 peripheral triplets

94
Q

Are the adjacent triplets linked in the centriolr?

A

no

95
Q

What is the central part of the centriole ?

A

it is proteineceous hub

96
Q

How are the peripheral triplets connected to the hub?

A

they are connected with the tubules with RADIAL SPOKE

97
Q

Who first described the nucleus of the cell ?

A

Robert Brown

98
Q

What is the chromatin described by flemming ?

A

it is the part of the nucelus that is stained by a basic dye is called chromatin

99
Q

Can we have more than one nucleus?

A

yes

100
Q

How many nuclear membrane do we have in nuclear envelope and what is the space between them called and what is the width of it ?

A

2 nuclear membrane in nuclear envelope

PERINUCLEAR SPACE

10 - 50 nm

101
Q

What is perinuclear space?

A

it acts as a barrier between the material present inside the nucleus and that of the cytoplasm

102
Q

What are the organelle that is associated with the outer nuclear membrane?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes

103
Q

What leads to the formation of nuclear pore and what is its funciton?

A

it forms due to the fusion of the outer and the inner membrane
is aids the movement of RNA and protein both ways
(in and out of the nucleus)

104
Q

Give an example of a cell with more than one nucleus and one with no nucleus?

A

a cell with more than one nucleaus : PARAMOECIUM

a cell with no nucleus : ERYTHROCYTES

105
Q

What is nucleoplasm and what does it contain?

A

nucleaoplasm

it contians nucleaolus and chromatin

106
Q

Does the nucleolus contain any membrane?

A

no membrane

107
Q

Where does the sythesis of the ribosome take place

A

it is the size of ribosomal RNA sythesis

108
Q

What does the chromatin contain?

A

DNA , basic protein HISTONE, and non histone protein and also RNA

109
Q

What is the approzimate length of the human DNA?

A

2m

110
Q

What is centromere ? What does it do ?

A

it is the primary constriction of the nucleus

it attached two chromatids

111
Q

What is the basis of the classification of the various types of the chromosome ? What are the different types of chrosomes

A

on the basis of hte position of the centromere

METACENTRIC, SUB-METACENTRIC, ACROCENTRIC, TELOCENTRIC

112
Q

What is satellite of a chromosome ?

A

it is the part of hte chromosome beyond the secondary chromosome

113
Q

What are microbodies? What do they contain?

A

they are the membarne bound minute vescicles ,

they contain various enzymes,

114
Q

Are microbodies present in only animals or plants?

A

they are present in both animals and plants

115
Q

What is the structural difference between pilli and fimbrae?

A

pilli are thick tubular and are longer and fewer

fibrae are thin short and more in number

116
Q

When does the fimbrae grow?

A

in response to F+ or fertility factor in Gram -ve bacteira

117
Q

What type of biomolecule is spectrin ?

A

it is a protien

extrinsic protein

118
Q

What is the ER composed of ?

A

it is composed of CISTERNAE, TUBULES and VESCICLES

119
Q

What is teh difference in the shape of cisternae and tubules?

A

cisternae are cylindrical in shape

tubules are circular

120
Q

How does the SER help in detoxifying?

A

by releasing cytochrome P450

121
Q

What is the meaning of glycosidation and glycosylation?

A

glycosidation : LIPIDS + SUGAR

glycosylation: PROTEIN + SUGAR

122
Q

Which organelle shows polymorphism? What are the different phases? Describe them?

A

lysosomes

1) PRIMARY LYSOSOMES : contain inactive enzyme
2) SECONDARY LYSOSOME: contain things to be digested
3) RESIDUAL RIBOSOME : contain undigested material
4) AUTOPHAGIC LYSOSOME : formed by union of primary and dead organelle

123
Q

Where do vacuoles form from?

A

Endo plasmic reticulum

124
Q

What is the sedimentation coefficent of mammalian ribosome?

A

55s

125
Q

What is the functional unit of mitochondria?

A

oxysome, F1-F0 complex

126
Q

Which membrane of hte mitochondria is more permeable? Why ?

A

the outer membrane is more permeable because of the presence of porins

127
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A

mRNA , tRNA and rRNA

128
Q

What are the two types of chromatin on the basis of how much stain they take ? Which one is more active and which one takes more stain ?

A

heterochromatin : more stain , genetically less active

euchromatin : gentetically active and less stain

129
Q

Where are the microtubules present?

A

in cillia, flagella , centrioles , basal bodies

130
Q

Where are microfilaments present ?

A

actin : globular protien they help in movement of the cell

131
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

they non contractil hollow filements of acidic protein

132
Q

What are the things included in the mitotic apparatus/

A

centriole , microtubules connecting them

133
Q

What are the enzymes present in the peroxisomes and what is their funciton?

A

peroxide : they make peroxide

catalase : they destroy the peroxide

134
Q

What is the arrangement of centriole and cillia/flagella

A

cetrioe : 9 + 0

fialgella+ cillia : 9 + 2

League of Legends S11 (22 decks)

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