Chapter 1 : The Living World Flashcards
what are the various characteristics that are found in living organisms?
Growth
Reproduction
stimuli
what do you mean by growth ?
increase in mass and increase in number of individuals are twin characteristics of growth.
How does growth in multicellular organisms take place?
it takes place continuosly in their lifespan by cell division.
How does growth take place in unicellular organisms ?
by cell division
Why id growth not a defining characteristic in living organisms ?
because growth takes place even in non living organisms if we take increasing number or mass into account. For example : rocks , moulds, mountains etc.
What do you mean by reproduction ?
It refers to the production of progeny possesing features more or less similar to those of the parents , we implicitly refer to sexual reproduction.
How does fungi reproduce ?
by spores
how does a hydra reproduce ?
by budding
how does planaria reproduce?
by regeneration
what do you mean by regeneration ?
a fragmented organism regenerates the lost part of its bidy and becomes a new organism
Examples of organisms where fragmentaiton takes place ?
fungi, filamentous algae,protonema of mosses
What do you mean by protonema of mosses?
it is the haploid stage of a moss. It also represents the juvenile haploid stage of the organism .
why is reproduction not a defining feature of life?
because there are many living organism that are sterile or do not reproduce for example mules, worker bees .
what do you understand by metabolism?
metabolism refers to the sum of all chemical reaction that takes place inside an organism.
are the reactions taking place in a test tube make the test tube living ?
no it is neither living nor non living
Name a defining feature of living organism?
Cellular organization is the defining feature of a living organism.
consciousness is another living charecteristics.
what do you mean by consiousness ?
it refers to the change in the chemical or physical organization of a living body on a change in the extenal or internal medium.
Are patiesnt of coma living or non living?
living because they react to the chemicals that are injected in them
what do you mean by living organism?
self replicating
evolving
self regulating system
How many species are defined by humans ?
1.7 - 1. 8 million species
what do you mean by biodiversity ?
it refers to the number of organism present on earth or a specific region
why do we not use the local name to specify the organism ?
because a single organism might have different local names.
what do you mean by nomenclature ?
the standardized naming of organism such that they are known by the same name all over the world
What do you mean by identification?
describing the organism is called identification
What do you mean by ICBN?
International Council of Botanical Nomenclature
What do you mean by ICZN?
International Council of Zoological Nomenclature
What you mean by binomial nomenclature?
The naming of organism where the name of the organism has two parts the generic and the specific part is known as binomial nomenclature
who made the system of binomial nomenclature?
Carolus Linnaeus
what are the rules of binomial nomenclature?
- the names are written in latin and latinised.
- the first part of the name is genus name and the second is the specific name
- when handwritten the biological name is written in italics and when it is printed it is in italics
- the first part of the word starts with a capital word while the specific epithet starts with a small letter
Whta do you mean by classification?
the process by which anything is grouped into convineint categories based on their characteristics is called classification
what do you understand by taxonomy?
classification of various organisms into different taxa is called taxonomy
what are the basis of taxonomy ?
structure of cell
development process
ecological information of organism
what are the process that form the basis of taxonomy ?
characterization
identification
classification
nomenclature
what s taxonomical category ?
the overall arrangement of the taxas
what are the various taxonomical heirarchy?
kingdom phylum class order family genus species
How are these organisms preserved for studies?
Herbarium Botanical Garden Museum Zoological Parks Key
Give the taxonomical categories of man ?
Homo sapiens Homo Hominidae Primata Mammalia Chordata
give the taxonomical heirarchy of mango ?
Magnifera indica Magnifera Anacardaceae Spindales Dicotyledon Angiosperm
give the taxonomical heirarchy of housefly?
Musca domestica Musca Muscidae Diptera Insecta Arthropoda
Describe how animals are preserved in a herbarium?
the plants are dried, pressed and pinned
they are labelled their biological name along with their local names
Descibe how plats are stored in a Botanical Garden?
these are specialised garden where plants are stored for reference
How are animals and plants kept in a Museum?
in liquid filled preservatives
dried, pressed and pinned
mammals and larger animals are stuffed with cotton
How are animals preserved in a zoological parks?
they are kept in their own artificial natural habitat under the supervision and support of human
What do you understand by key?
the keys are based on the contrasting charecters generally in a pair called couple
what do you understand by lead in a key ?
these are the statements in a key
What do you mean by flora?
it contains the actual account of the habitat of the plant
what do you mean by manual?
these are useful in providing information for the identification of names of the species.
what do you understand by monographs?
these contains the information of any one taxon
Give some examples of infertile animals?
mules , infertile couple
What is the name of the books written by Linneaus?
Species Plantarum , Systema Naturae
How many species did Linneaus describe in his book Species Plantarum?
5900
How many animal species did Linneus describe in his book Sytema Naturae?
4326
What is the meaning of systematics?
is the science that deals with the diversity of organism and grouping of organisms at every level of classification right from species to kingdom
What is the standarzied size of herbarium?
41 cm and 29 cm
Which is the largest herbarium?
kew
Which is the largest botanical garden?
Moscow
Where is the largest herbarium in the world and what is its name?
Kew Botanical Garden in England
What is the largest botanical garden in the world located ?
Moscow
What is the meaning of ex-situ and in-situ ?
ex-situ : means off site conservation
in-situ : means on site conservation
What is the linnean system of classificaiton based on?
morphology of plants
Who wrote species plantarum?
Carolus Lineeaus
Carolous Linneasu bekonges to which country?
Sweden
Which of the following books are written by Carolous Linneaeus?
1) Systema Naturare
2) Historia Plantarum
3) Historia Naturalis
4) none of these
1) historia plantarum
In which book did Linneaus descrbe the binomial nomenclature for the first time?
Philosphia Botanica
What is the name of the book where he described the plant species ? How many plant species did he describd?
Species Plantarum (5900 species)
What is the name of the book where he described the various animal species? and how many animal species did he describe?
Systema Naturae ( 4326)
An English naturalist who wrote the book “Historia Gneeralis Plantarum “ and introduced the word species :
John Ray
Who is the darwin of the 20th century ?
Ernst Mayr
Who is the father botany?
Threophratus
Who is the father of medicine/
hippocrates
Which of teh following are incorrect?
1) it deals with biological species
2) ut s based on the study of all types of variation in the species
3) species is considered to be static
4) it has a bio systematic concept
3) in modern taxonomy species is very dynamic
What is tautonym?
when the species and the genera have the same name ( Catla catla , Naja naja )
Is it necessary for a genus tohave more than one species?
no , it may or may not
What does the name of plant sub family end with ?
-oideae , according to ICBN
What does the name of plant order end with ?
-ales, according to ICBN
What is glumacaeae?
it is a order that includes vatious grass and stuff
What is arboretum?
a botanical garden for just tree and shrubs is called arboretum
Where is the national Zoological park situated?
1) Delhi
What are the statements of a key called?
lead
What is a holotype ?
the original specimen cited by an author of the species
What is catalogue?
it is a register of all species found in a particular area
