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League of Legends S11 > Chapter 19 : Excretory Products and their Elimination > Flashcards

Chapter 19 : Excretory Products and their Elimination Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the ammonotelic organisms?

A

bony fish, aquatic amphibians , aquatic insects

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2
Q

What are some of the ureotelic organisms?

A

mammals, amphibians ,marine fish

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3
Q

What are some fo the uricotelic organisms?

A

reptiles,birds, land snails, insects , insects

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4
Q

Which organisms have proto nephridia? What is its funciton?

A

platyhelminthes(flatworm:planaria) , rotifers , soem annelids and cephalochordate (amphioxus)

its funciton is to maintain ionic balance and fluid volume

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5
Q

In which animals are the nephridia prensent?

A

eartworms and other annelids

it function is to remove netrogenous wastes

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6
Q

In which organisms are malphigian tubules present ?

A

insects like cockroach

removal of nitrogenous wastes and osmoregulation

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7
Q

What is the excretory organ in the custaceans ? Give some examples of crustaceans?

A

antennal gland and green gland

one exmaple is prawns

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8
Q

What are the components of the human excretory system?

A

2 kidney
2 ureter
1 urinary bladder
1 urethra

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9
Q

What are the dimensions of the kidney ? What is its weigt?

A

10-12 cm
5-7 cm
2-3 cm

120-170 g

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10
Q

What is the opening of the kidney called

A

the renal hilum

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11
Q

What excretes urine to the ureter?

A

the renal pelvis

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12
Q

What are the two parts of the nephron?

A

glomerulus

renal tubule

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13
Q

What is the glomerulus and the bowmans capusle together composed of?

A

malphigian body or renal corpuscles

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14
Q

Which parts of the nephron is present in the cortical of the kidney ?

A

malphigian corpuscle( glomerulus and the bowmans capusle ) and PCT, DCT

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15
Q

What are cortilcal nephrons and what is present in it?

A

extend very little in the cortex

peritubular capillary

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16
Q

What are the medullary nephrons and what is present in it ?

A

run very deep in the medulla

vasa recta

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17
Q

Where is vasa recta present and what is its shape?

A

in the juxta medullary nephrons

U

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18
Q

Where is peri tubular capillary present ?

A

in the cortical nephrons

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19
Q

What are the three main processes of urine formation?

A

glomerular filtrate
reabsorption
secretion

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20
Q

How much blood is passed from the kidney every minute ?

A

1100-1200 ml /min

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21
Q

What fraction of ht eblood passes through the glomerulus every minute?

A

1/5 of the blood pumped by the heart

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22
Q

What causes the blood to pass through the 3 layers of the glomerulus and what are those three layers?

A

glomerular capillary pressure

endothelium of the glomerular capillary
epithelium of bowmans capsule
the basement membrane between them

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23
Q

What are the epithelial cells of hte bowmans capsule caleld?

A

PODOCYTE

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24
Q

What are filtration slit?

A

it is the space between the epithelial cells of the bowmans capsule

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25
Q

Which component of the blood does not pass the epithelium of the bowmans capsule ?

A

protein

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26
Q

What is GFR? What is its default value?

A

the amount of filtrate formed by kidney per minute is called Glomelrular filtrattion rate

125ml /min and 180L a day

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27
Q

What regulates the GFR? Describe it ? How does it do it?

A

the juxta glomerular apparatus (JGA)

JGA : it a special sensitive area formed by cellular modification in the DCT and the AFFERENT ARTERIOLE AT THE LOCATION OF CONTACT

a fall in the GFR can actvate the JG cells to release RENIN (single n) which stimulates the Glomerular blood flow and brings the GFR to normal

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28
Q

How much urine is formed in a day ?

A

1.5 L

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29
Q

What are the things that are actively absorbed for reabsorption? Which things are passively absorbed?

A

ACTIVELY : glucose , amino acids , Na+

PASSIVELY : nitrogenous waste , reabsorption of water in a first part

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30
Q

What are the things that are secreted to the tubules and WHY ?

A

tubular secretion they are important for urine formation as it helps to maintian IONIC and ACID BASE BALANCE

TUBULAR SECRETION: H+ , K+ and NH4 +

31
Q

What type of epithelium is present in PCT?

A

brush border cuboidal

32
Q

What are the things that are absorbed in the PCT ? What are the things that are secreted in the PCT? What is its role ?

A

ABSORPTION :essential nutrients, electrolytes(70-80% ) and water, HCO3 -

SECREITON : H+ , NH4+, K+

ROLE : maintain the ionic balance and pH of our body

33
Q

What is the descending and the ascending part of the loop of henle permeable to ?

A

DESCENDING : water, not to electrolytes

ASCENDING : electrolytes but not to water

34
Q

How does the filtrate in the Loop get diluted?

A

due to the passage of the electrolytes to the medullary fluid

35
Q

What are the things that are absorbed in the DCT ? What are the things that are secreted in the DCT? What is its role ?

A

CONDITIONAL ABSORPTION : Na+ and water

REABSORPTION : HCO3 -

SECRETION : H + ,K+ and NH3

ROLE: miantain the PH AND Na/ K BALANCE in the body

36
Q

What are the roles of the collecting duct?

A

large amount of water could be absorbed form this region

it allows the passage of UREA into the medullary interstitium to keep the osmolarity

maintain the pH and ionic balance of the blood by selective SECRETION of K+ , H+ ION

37
Q

What are the things that play an important role in the concentration of the urne?

A

HENLE’S LOOP and VASA RECTA

38
Q

Why is the mechanism of concentration called the countrer current concentraiton?

A

because the flow of stuff in Loop of Henle and the vasa recta are in oppsite direction

39
Q

What is the concentration gradient in in the inner and outer medulla?

A

300 in the outer

1200 in the outer

40
Q

What helps in the increasing the osmolarity towards the inner part of the medulla?

A

the proximity of hte vasa recta and the loop of henle

41
Q

What are the chemicals that causes the concentration gradient in the medulla?

A

urea and NaCl

42
Q

How does the counter current mechanism help in the concentrating the urine?

A

by creating the high conc gradient in the kidney the water is absorbed from the collecting tubule to concentrate the urine

43
Q

By how many times does the double ciculation concentrate the urine?

A

4 time more concentrated

44
Q

What are the things that help regulate the urine formation?

A

HYPOTHALAMUS
JGA
HEART

45
Q

How does HYPOTHALAMUS control the fluid loss?

A

loos of fluid trigger this
HYPOTHALAMUS stimulates the neurohypophysis
neurohypophysis releases ADH( vasopressin)
ADH - helps in the reabsorption of water in the DCT

increase in the body fluid switched it off

46
Q

How does HYPOTHALAMUS control the fluid loss?

A

loos of fluid trigger this
HYPOTHALAMUS stimulates the neurohypophysis
neurohypophysis releases ADH( vasopressin)
ADH - helps in the reabsorption of WATER in the DCT

increase in the body fluid switched it off

47
Q

What is the affect of Angiotensin II and how does it do it ?

A

it is a powerful vasoconstrictor and can increase the blood pressure thus the GFR

it can also activate the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

48
Q

What is the function of aldosterone?

A

it causes absorption of Na+ and water from the DCT

49
Q

How deos ANF control the urine flow? What triggers it?

A

ANF can cause the vasodilation and thereby decrease the blood pressure

it is triggered by INCREASE IN THE FLOW OF BLOOD IN THE HEART

50
Q

What is the renin and angiotensin mechanism ?

A

it the process started by the JGA cells

51
Q

When is the urine released?

A

when the urinary bladde is filled with urine

the stretch receptor on the wall of the urinary bladder sends signals to the CNS

the CNS sends signals to initiate the contraction of the smooth muscles of the blader and simultaneous relaxation of the urethral spinchter

causing relsease of urine

52
Q

What is micturation ?

A

the process of release of urine is called micturaiton

53
Q

What is the neural mechanism of release of urine called?

A

it is called micturaiton relfex

54
Q

How much urine is relseased per day ?

A

1 -15 L of urine

55
Q

What is the pH of urine

A

pH = 6.0 `

56
Q

How much urea is excreted in a day by humans?

A

25 - 30 gm of urea

57
Q

What does the presence of glucose in urine indicate?

A

glycosuria

58
Q

What does the presence of ketone body int he urine represent?

A

diabetes mellitus

59
Q

What are the other organs tha t paly a role in excretion?

A

LUNGS
LIVER
SKIN

60
Q

How does the LUNGS carry out excretion?

A

CO2

61
Q

What excretion does the liver carry out ?

A

bilirubin , biliverdin m cholesterol , degraded steroid hormone, vitamins and drugs

62
Q

What are the things excreted by sweat gland?

A

NaCl, urea , lactic acid

their primary function of sweat is to cool it

63
Q

What are the things that are secreted by sebaceos gland?

A

sterols , hydrocarbons and waxes through sebum

64
Q

Can saliva excrete nitrogenous excretion>

A

yes

65
Q

What happens if ketone body is present in urine?

A

ketone bodies

66
Q

What is uremia ?

A

accumulation of urea in the blood is called uremia

67
Q

What can uremia lead to ?

A

it can lead to kidney failure

68
Q

What is haemodyalysis ?

A

using an artificial kidney to clean the blood

69
Q

What is the use heparin during dialysis ?

A

it is use as an anti coagulant

70
Q

What is the membrane used in dialysis ?

A

cellophane

71
Q

What happens in renal calculi?

A

stone or insoluble mass of crystallized salts formed withhin the kidney

72
Q

What is glomerulonephritis ?

A

inflammation of glomeruli in the kidney

it can lead to ureamia and kidney failure

73
Q

From where to where does the collecting duct extend?

A

cortex to the inner medulla

74
Q

What are the cells of JGA apparatus?

A

JG cells
macula densa cells
mesengial cells/lacis/pokisen cell

League of Legends S11 (22 decks)

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