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League of Legends S11 > Chapter 21: Neural Control and coordination > Flashcards

Chapter 21: Neural Control and coordination Flashcards

1
Q

What is the meaning of coordination?

A

the process through which two or more organ interact with each other and complement each others functions is known as coordination

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2
Q

What is the meaning of synaptic cleft?

A

the space between two synaptic knob is called synaptic cleft \

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3
Q

What is the layer that protects the brain called?

A

cranial meninges

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4
Q

What are hte layers of meninges?

A

duramater
arachnoid
pia mater

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5
Q

What are the major parts of the brian?

A

fore brain
mid brain
hind brain

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6
Q

What are the parts of the fore brain?

A

cerebrum
thalamus
hypothalamus

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7
Q

What connects the right and the left hemisphere of hte cerebrum?

A

corpus callosum

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8
Q

What is the color of the cerebral crtex?

A

grey matter

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9
Q

Why makes the color of the gray matter grey?

A

because of concentrated neuron bodies

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10
Q

What are the three regions in hte motor cortex?

A

motor areas.
sensory areas
association area

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11
Q

What makes the color of the white matter white?

A

myelin sheath

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12
Q

What is the funciton of the thalamus?

A

major coordination center of sensory and motor signalling

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13
Q

What is the function of hypothalamus 3 ?

A

body temperature

urge for drinking and aeting

it also contains several neurosecretory cells

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14
Q

What are hte components of the mid brain?

A

cerebral aqueduct

corpora quadrigemina

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15
Q

What are the components of the hind brain?

A

pons

cerebellum

medulla

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16
Q

What is the function of pons?

A

fibres that connects the various parts of the brain

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17
Q

What is the function of crebullum?

A

creates more surface area for more neurons

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18
Q

What is the function of medullla?

A

centers that connects the respiration
cardiovascular reflexes
gastric secretions

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19
Q

What are the three major ragions that makes up the brain stem ?

A

mid brain

pons

medulla oblongata

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20
Q

What is reflex action?

A

the action done without thinking

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21
Q

What are the two parts of the human neural system?

A

cranial

peripheral

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22
Q

What are the parts of the CNS?

A

brain and spinal chord

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23
Q

What are the two types of nerve fibres of the PNS?

A

efferent fibres

afferent fibres

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24
Q

What are the two parts of teh PNS?

A

somatic neural system

autonomic neural system

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25
Q

What do you understand by visceral nervous sytem ?

A

the part of PNS that comprises the whole network of nerve fibres , ganglia and plexuses

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26
Q

What are the parts of a neuron?

A

axon
cell body
dendron

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27
Q

What is the function of dendrite ?

A

it receives the signals from the axon of the teh first neuron

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28
Q

What is multi polar neuron ?

A

with one axon and more than one dentrite

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29
Q

What is the meaning unipolar neuron ?

A

they have only one axon

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30
Q

What is the meaning of bipolar neuron ?

A

with one axon and one dendron

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31
Q

Which cells forms the myelim sheath in the PNS?

A

shwann cells

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32
Q

What is node of ranvier ?

A

the gap between two adjacent mylein sheath is called node of ranvier

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33
Q

What is a myelinated neuron ?

A

when the shwann cells forms a mylein sheath around the neuron is called mylinated neuron

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34
Q

When is a neurn non myelinated ?

A

when the shwann cells do not form a myelien sheath around a neuron is called neuron

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35
Q

Where is mylinated fibres usually found?

A

spinal and cranial nerves

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36
Q

Where is non myelinated nervous fibers found?

A

autonomous and somatic neurons

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37
Q

What is the function of olfactory receptor?

A

they sense smell

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38
Q

Which epitehlium is responsible for the formation of the Olfactory receptor?

A

olfactory epithelium

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39
Q

What is the funciton of gustatory receptor?

A

they sense taste

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40
Q

What is the socket that contains the eyeball called?

A

orbit

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41
Q

What is the inner layer of the eye ball called?

A

retina

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42
Q

What are the three layers of the photoreceptor cells>

A

photoreceptor
bipolar
ganglion cells

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43
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptor cells?

A

rod

cons

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44
Q

What is the funciton of rods?

A

it is responsible for twilight vision

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45
Q

What is the function of cons?

A

they help to sense colors

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46
Q

What is the pigment present in the rods ?

A

rhodopsin

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47
Q

Which vitamin is the precursor of rhodopsin ?

A

vitamin A

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48
Q

What are the three types of cons?

A

red

green

blue

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49
Q

What is blind spot?

A

the places where photoreceptor is absent is called blind spot

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50
Q

What is the yellow pigement found in the prosterior part of the blind sopt?

A

macula lutea

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51
Q

What is the central pit found in the prosterior parts of the blind spot called?

A

fovea

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52
Q

What is teh space between the cornea and the lens called?

A

aqueous chamber

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53
Q

What is the fluid present in the space between the cornea and the lens called?

A

aqueous humour

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54
Q

What is the fluid present in the part between the retina and the lens called?

A

vitreous humour

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55
Q

What are the photosensetive pigments?

A

opsin(protein ) and retinal( an aldehyde of vit A)

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56
Q

Where is the optic signals interpreted in the brain?

A

visual cortex

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57
Q

here we start the MEDI FLIX PART

A

/////////////////////////////////

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58
Q

What is the meaning of coordination?

A

THE PROCESS THROUGH WHICH TWO OR MORE ORGANS INTERACTS WITH EACH OTHER IS CALLED COORDINATION

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59
Q

What porvides chemical coordination to the body?

A

hormones

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60
Q

What are the two parts of the neural system?

A

PNS and CNS

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61
Q

What are the two parts of the CNS ?

A

brain

spinal chord

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62
Q

What are the two types of nerves present in PNS?

A

somatic and autonomic

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63
Q

What are the types of nerves in Autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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64
Q

What are the two types of the nervous fibre on the basis of the direction in which they transmit signal?

A

afferent and efferent

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65
Q

What are the major parts of the neuron ?

A

dendrites
cyton
axon

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66
Q

What are the granular cell organeele present in the cyton of the neuron ?

A

nissl’s granules

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67
Q

What are nissl’s granules?

A

these are the small granular oganelle present in the cyton and dendrite

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68
Q

Where are Nissl’s granules found?

A

they are present in the cyton and dendrites

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69
Q

What is synaptic knob?

A

it is the part of the neuron present in hte end of the neuron

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70
Q

What does the synaptic knob contain?

A

it contains neurotransmitters

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71
Q

What are the different types in which the neuron are divided on hte basis of the number of axon and cyton/

A

multipolar
uni polar
bipolar

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72
Q

Where are multipolar neurons found?

A

they are present in the cerebral cortex

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73
Q

Where are unipolar neurons found?

A

they are ussually found in the embryonic stage

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74
Q

Where are bipolar neurons present ?

A

retina of eye

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75
Q

What forms the myelinated sheath in neurons of the brain ?

A

oligodendrocyte

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76
Q

What forms the myelin sheath in the neurons of the PNS?

A

schwann cells

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77
Q

Where are mylelinated neurons present?

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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78
Q

Where are non myelinated neurons present?

A

autonomous and somatic nervers

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79
Q

What is the condition of the neuron when it is depolarised?

A

the K ions are permeable but

not the -ve proteins and Na + ions

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80
Q

What is the function of K,Na ATPase ?

A

it pumps 3Na outside and 2K inside

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81
Q

What happens when a stimulus reaches the membrane?

A

it membrane becomes permeable to the Na ions

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82
Q

What is the meaning resting potentail?

A

the electrical potentail across a resting membrane

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83
Q

What happens to the neural membrane when a stimuli reaches the membrane ?

A

the membrane becomes permeable to Na ions and this leads the Na to stream inside and this makes the outside negative charged and inside positive charge

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84
Q

What is the funciton of the mylinated sheath?

A

it increase the speed at which the nervous stimuli is transmitted

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85
Q

What is synapse

A

when two ends arevery close to each other they may be attached or may have a gap in between

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86
Q

What are hte two types of synapses?

A

electrical

chemical

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87
Q

What is synaptic cleft?

A

the space in between two post synaptic membrane and pre synaptic membrane

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88
Q

Which synapse is transmission faster?

A

electrical synapse

89
Q

Where are neuro transmitter present in the neuron?

A

in the axon terminal

90
Q

When is the neuron transmitter released?

A

when the stimuli reaches the axon terminal

91
Q

Where does the neurotranmitters bind to ?

A

receptor s

92
Q

What are the two tyeps of potentail developed from hte neuro transmitters?

A

inhibitory or

excitatory

93
Q

What are the parts of the brain ?

A

fore brain

mid brain

hind brain

94
Q

Which is the command and control system of the body ?

A

brain

95
Q

What are the functions of the brain? 6

A 
voluntary movement 
balance of ht ebody 
functioning of the vital organs ( heart, kidney, lungs)
thermoregulation 
hunger and thirst 
circadian rythmn 
endocrine and gladns 
human behaviour 
processing of( vision, memory, intelligence,emotions,thougts )
96
Q

What protecets the brain?

A

cranial meninges

97
Q

What are the three layers of the cranial meninges?

A

durameter
arachnoid
piamater

98
Q

Where is the sub arachnoid space present?

A

below the arachnoid and
above the piamater

between piamater and arachnoid

99
Q

Where is the CSF present?

A

in hte sub arachnoid space

100
Q

What are the three parts in which the brain is divided?

A

forebrain
mid brain
hind brain

101
Q

What are the parts of the brain ?

A

cerebral hemisphere
thalamus
hypothalamus

102
Q

Which layer lines the gyri in the brain ?

A

piamater

103
Q

What is corpus callosum?

A

it is the a tract of nerve fibre that connects the left adn right brain.

104
Q

What is cerebral cortex?

A

it covers the ceribral hemisphere

105
Q

Which part of the brain covers the cranial hemisphere?

A

the cerebral cortex

106
Q

Which part of the brain contains the folds?

A

cerebral cortex

107
Q

What part of the brain is called the grey matter ?

A

cerebral cortex

108
Q

Which part of the neuron is present in the cerebral cortex?

A

the cell body

109
Q

What gives the cerebral cortex the prominent grey color?

A

the neuron cell body

110
Q

What are the different types of regions present in the cerebral cortex?

A

motor
sensory
association areas

111
Q

What is the function of the association areas ?

A

these are responsible for the complex function like

intersensory association, memory and communication

112
Q

Which part of the neuron is present in the cerebral hemishpere?

A

the axon

113
Q

What type of axon is present in the cerebral hemispherer?

A

mylinated sheath

114
Q

What gives the cerebral hemispere the distinct white appearance?

A

the myelinated sheath

115
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

it is a major sensory and coordination center

116
Q

Where is the hypothalamus present?

A

at the base of the thalamus

117
Q

What are functions of the hypothalamus?

A

body temperature
urge for eating
drinking
several neurosecretory neuron( hypothalmic hormones)

118
Q

What are the structures present in the inner most part of the cerebral hemishpere?

A

limbic system

119
Q

What are the parts of hte limbic system?

A

amygdala , hippocampus

120
Q

What are the functions of the limbic system?

A

they are responsible for excitement, pleasure , rage and sexual behaviour and motivation

121
Q

What are the parts of the hind brain?

A

pons Cerebullum mdeulla

122
Q

What is the function of pons?

A

they interconnect the various regions fo the brain

123
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum ?

A

it increases the surface area for many more neuron

it controls the balance

124
Q

What is the funciton of medulla ?

A

it controls respiration , cardio vasclar reflexes, gastric secretion

125
Q

What are the three major regions that makes up the brain stem?

A

mid brain
pons
medulla oblongata

126
Q

What is the funciton of the brain stem?

A

it connects the brain to the spinal cord

127
Q

What is the meaning of reflex action ?

A

hte movement that occurs whithout any thought or without the involvement of the CNS is called reflex action

128
Q

What are the componenets of the reflex action ?

A

receptor

efferet neuron

129
Q

From where does the reflex action get t know what to do?

A

form the dorsal nerve root

130
Q

To which nerve is the nose connected?

A

cranial nerve 1

131
Q

To what is the olfactory nerve connect to ?

A

to the olfactory bulb

132
Q

To which part does the olfactory bulb belong to ?

A

hte olfactory bulb is the extension of the limbic bulb

133
Q

To which cranial ner ve is the tongue attached to?

A

to the 12 th cranial nerve

134
Q

What receptor does the taste buds contain?

A

gustatory receptors

135
Q

What are socket where the eye is present called?

A

the orbit

136
Q

What are the three layers of the eye?

A

sclera
choroid
retina

137
Q

What type of tissue is sclera?

A

dense connective tissue

138
Q

What is the anterior part of the sclera called?

A

cornea

139
Q

What does the coroid contain?

A

many blood vessel

140
Q

What is the color of the choroid?

A

it is blue in color becuase of the presence of many blood vessel

141
Q

What fraciton of the eye ball is made up of choroid?

A

2/3 rd

142
Q

What is the part of the choroid that helps in holding the lens of the eye?

A

the cilliary body

143
Q

What connects the lens to the ciliary body?

A

ligament

144
Q

To which part of the eye is the iris?

A

it the modified part of the ciliary body

145
Q

What regulates the dimeter of the pupil?

A

the muscle fibres of the iris

146
Q

What are the three inner layes of the retina?

A

glial neurons
bipolar neurons
photoreceptors

147
Q

What are the types of photopigments?

A

rods and cons

148
Q

Which pigment is responsible for photopic vision ?

A

cons

149
Q

Which pigment is responsible for sctopic vision?

A

rods

150
Q

Which preotein does the rods contain ?

A

rhodopsin

151
Q

Rhodopsin is the derivative of which vitamin ?

A

vitamin A

152
Q

What are the three types of cons?

A

red
blue
green

153
Q

When is the white light perceived by hte cons?

A

when equal amounts of red green and blue is received by the cons

154
Q

Where is the blind spot present?

A

it is present at a point medial of the prosterior pole of the eye

155
Q

What is the function of the blind spot?

A

it acts as a passage for the nerve fibres and blood vessel

156
Q

Where is macula lutea present?

A

it is present lateral to the blind spot

157
Q

What is the color of the macula lutea?

A

it is yellowing in color

158
Q

What is the central pit of the macula lutea called?

A

fovea

159
Q

Where is the visual activity greatest?

A

fovea

160
Q

Why is fovea the place with the highest resolution ?

A

because of high concentration of rods and cons

161
Q

Why is fovea the place with the highest visual activity?

A

because of the high concentration of rods and cons

162
Q

Describe the full mechanism of vision?

A

photoreceptor

opsin + retinal

the dissociation of retinal from opsin causes the membrane to change the permeability

this results in the potential difference in photorecptor cells

this siganl produces action potential in the photoreceptor

this signal is transmited to the optical neve through the bipolar neuron

then the signal is transmitted to the visual cortex of the brain

where this siganl is interpreted

163
Q

What are the components of hte photopigments?

A

opsin + retinal

164
Q

What is retinal ?

A

an aldehyde of vitamin A

165
Q

What is the meaning of resting poteintial?

A

the electrical potentail difference across the resting potential

166
Q

What is polarised state meanig?

A

the resting membrane

167
Q

What is the meaning of action potential ?

A

the polarity change across the membrane due to the movement of ions is called action potential

168
Q

When is the membrane is said to be called depolarized?

A

the positive charge move inside

169
Q

What is the meaning of repolarization ?

A

the restoring of the resting potential form the depolarized state is called repolarization

170
Q

What is the meaning of saltatory conduction?

A

the action potential jumping from node to node

171
Q

What are the two main neurotransmitter in vertabrates?

A

Acetylcholine(Ach) and Norepinephrine

172
Q

Which ions cause the the movement of synapse vescicles to the surface of the knob?

A

calcium ions

173
Q

How does the neutrotransmitter create depolarization?

A

they change the membrane potential

174
Q

What is the weight of the brain ?

A

1220-1400 gms

175
Q

What are the parts of the human brain ?

A 
forebrain (prosencephalon)
mid brain (mesencephalon)
hind brain(rhombencephalon)
176
Q

What are the parts of the fore brain ?

A

olfactory lobes
cerebrum
diencephalon

177
Q

What forms the major part of human brian ?

A

cererbrum

178
Q

What is the outer portion of the cerebrum called?

A

cerebral cortex

179
Q

What is the function part of the frontal part of the cerebrum?

A

monitors complex thoughts, actions and ideas that controls intellectual ability

180
Q

What is the function parietal lobe of the cerebrum?

A

takes the sensory perceptions, organizes and communicates it to the rest of the brain

181
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe of the cerebur?

A

decodes and interprets sound, smell , memory and emotions

182
Q

What is the function of occiptal lobe?

A

it interprets the visual information, shape and color

183
Q

What are the parts of hte diencephalon?

A

thalamus
epithalamus
hypothalamus

184
Q

What is the function of thalamus?

A

sensory and motor signalling

185
Q

What are the functions hypothalamus?

A

body temperatures
urge for eating and drinking
growth and sexual behaviour
neuro endocrine role

186
Q

Where is the mid brain located?

A

between the thalamus/hypothalamus and pons

187
Q

What are the parts of the mid brain ?

A

dorsal parts of the mid brain: corpora quadrigemina

188
Q

What is teh function of corpora quardigemina?

A

visual and auditory reflex

189
Q

Which part of the brain is equivalent to the optic lobes of the lower animals?

A

corpora quadrigemina

190
Q

What are the parts of the hind brain ?

A

pons
cerebellum
medulla

191
Q

What is the function of pons?

A

it interconnects the various parts of the brain

192
Q

Give tow parts of the limbic system?

A

amygdala

hippocampus

193
Q

What is the funciton of the limbic system?

A

it controls the excitement and pleaure fear and moticvation and the sexual excitement too

194
Q

What is the funciton fo cerebullum?

A

balance

rapid muscular response and typing and also talking

195
Q

What are the functions of medulla oblongata?

A

has the control centers for respiration, cardiovascular reflex and gastric secretion

196
Q

What connects the brain to the spine ?

A

the brain stem

197
Q

What are the parts of the brain stem?

A

pons
cerebllum
medulla

198
Q

What is the length of the spinal cord?

A

43-45 cm

199
Q

Till which spine does the spinal cord extend to ?

A

form the medulla oblongata to the 2nd lumber vertebra

200
Q

What is the arrangement of hte white and the grey matter in teh spine?

A

grey matter in

white matter out

201
Q

What is present below the second lumber vertebra?

A

fine spinal nerve called : cauda equina

202
Q

What is the end of the spinal cord called ?

A

conus medullaris

203
Q

What is filum terminale ?

A

the thin filaments that arises after the spnal cord ends

204
Q

What is the function filum terminale?

A

it enchors the spinal cord to the vertebral column

205
Q

What are the types of relfex ?

A

unconditional

conditional

206
Q

What is the meaning of unconditional reflex?

A

these relex develops in born

207
Q

What is the meaning of conditional reflex?

A

this are developed due to past experience and training and learning

208
Q

What are the two components of PNS?

A

spinal nerve and cranial nerve

209
Q

How many cranial nerves are present?

A

12

210
Q

How many spinal nerves are present?

A

31

211
Q

What are the parts of the spinal nerves?

A 
8 pair - cervical nerve 
12 pair - thoraicic nerve 
5 pair - lumbar nerves
5 pair - sacral nerves 
1 pair - coccygeal nerve
212
Q

What is the receptor present in the nose called?

A

olfactory receptor

213
Q

What are the three types of cells in the olfactory receptor?

A

receptor
support
basal cells

214
Q

What is the receptor present in tongue called?

A

gustatory receptor

215
Q

What are the things presetn in the cornea?

A

no blood vessel

but is rich in nerve

216
Q

What is the function of conjunctiva?

A

protects the cornea and also secretes oil and mucus that moistens and lubricates the eye

217
Q

Which part of the eye nourishes the retina?

A

choroid

218
Q

Which part in the eye has the highest resolutiojn?

A

fovea centralis

219
Q

Which part of the retina contains only rods?

A

fovea

League of Legends S11 (22 decks)

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