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League of Legends S11 > Chapter 3 : Plant Kingdom > Flashcards

Chapter 3 : Plant Kingdom Flashcards

1
Q

What are the kingdoms in the five kingdom classification and who made this classification and when?

A

RH Whittaker 1969

monera , protista , fungi , plantae and animalia

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2
Q

What were the conditions of the earliest classification?

A

gross morphology

like habitat , colour and number and shape

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3
Q

What type of classification was Linneuas classification? What was one of its special charecteristics? Why is it not acceptable?

A

artificial classification

equal weitage to both vegetative and sexual charecters
because it have equal importance to vegetative charecters as it can change easily with environment

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4
Q

What are the charecters taken into account in natural classificaiton ?

A

their natural affinites

external and internal features like anatomy, structure, embryology and phytochemistry

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5
Q

What is the present phylogenetic classificaiton systme based on ?

A

evolutionary relationship between the various organism

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6
Q

What is the numerical taxonmy based on ?

A

each charecter is given a certain code and then they are porcessed in a computer

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7
Q

What is cehmotaxonomy and cytotaxonomy based on ?

A

chemotaxonomy : it is based on the chemical produced by the plants like resin
cytotaxonomy :based on the chemical constituents of hte plant

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8
Q

What is the habitat of algae?

A

chlorophyll thalloid organism , autotrophic and large aquatic organism
they occur in variety of habitat such as moist soilds , wood and sone in association with fungi , animals

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9
Q

Give an examples of colonial and filamentous algae?

A

volvox - colonial

filamentous spirogyra and ulthorix

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10
Q

How does vegetative , asexual and sexual reproduction take place in algae?

A

vegetative : fragmentaiton
asexual : commonly zoospores
sexual : isogamous, anisogamous , oogamous

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11
Q

In which organisms are called isogamous , anisogamous and oogamous?

A

isogamous: ulthorix (motile), spirogyra(non motile)
anisogamous : eudorina
oogamous : volvox and fucus

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12
Q

Which organism does half of the carbon dioxide fixation in teh earth ?

A

algae

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13
Q

Give some examples of algae used as food?

A

laminaria and sargassum

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14
Q

What is teh use of agar and hwere is obtained fro?

A

from gracilaria and gelidium

used to make ice cream

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15
Q

What is the use of chlorella?

A

used as a protein supplement even for space travellers

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16
Q

What are the classes of algae?

A

chlorophyceae
phaeophyceae
rhodophyceae

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17
Q

What is the type of pigment?
chlorophyceae
phaeophyceae
rhodophyceae

A

chl a , b , beta carotene , viola and lutea xanthin

chl a , c , beta carotene , fcoxanthin

chl a , d , beta carotene, phycoerythrin

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18
Q

What are the stored food in the algae?
chlorophyceae
phaeophyceae
rhodophyceae

A

starch (pyrenoids and oil
laminarin and mannitol
floridean starch

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19
Q

In which organism are the pyrenoids present and how ?

A

the pyrenoids are present in chlorphyceae

it is protein coated by starch and are located in the chloroplast

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20
Q

How is the cell wall arranged in case of green algae?

A

inner cellulose

and outer pectose

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21
Q

How deos vegetative , asexual and sexual reproduction take place in cholorophyceae?

A

vegetative : fragmentation
asexual : by zoopores from zoosporangia
sexual : isogamous , anisogamous , oogamous

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22
Q

What is the type of sexual organs in all types of algae?

A

unicellular non jacketed sex organs

except in chara (antheridium and oognium)

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23
Q

Where are the brown alge comonly present?

A

in marine habitat

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24
Q

Give an examples of filamentous and profused branching in brown algae? Give some other examples of brown algae?

A

filamentous : Ectocarpus ( haplo diplontic in nature)
branching : kelp

ectocarpus , fucus , laminaria , sargassum , dictyota

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25
What does the brown color in brown algae depend on ?
fucoxanthin and xanthophyll
26
What is the cell wall of different tyeps of algae made up of chlorophyceae phaeophyceae rhodophyceae
cellulose cellulose and algin cellulose and agar
27
What is the composition of the protoplast of the brown alga?
centrally located vacoule | and nucleus
28
What is the body composed of in brown algae?
frond (lamina) stipe holdfast
29
How deos vegetative , asexual and sexual reproduction take place in phaeophyceae ?
vegetative : fragmentaiton asexual : bifalggelate (unequal) lateral flagella sexual : biflagellate (unequal) lateral flagella
30
Where are the majority of the red alge presnet in ? Give some examples of red algaE?
majority marine in the warmer areas they are present in the well lightened and the deep marine regions gracilaria, gelidium , porphyra , polysiphonia
31
How deos vegetative , asexual and sexual reproduction take place in rhodophyceae ?
vegetative: frgamentaiton asexual : non motile spores sexual : non motile oogamous spores
32
Which algae have a complex post fertilization development?
red algae
33
Where are the bryophytes prenset?
sciophytes | in the moist shady areas
34
Which organism are called the aquatic amphibian of the plant kindgom ? and why?
bryophytes | they need water for sexual reprocution
35
What ist he body of the bryophytes cmposed of and how does it attche itself to the substratum?
it thallus like and | they are attached to the substratum with the help of multicellular and unicellular rhizoids
36
Do bryophytes have a true , root , stem and leaves ?
no
37
What is the ploidy of the main body of the bryophytes composed of ?
gametophyte
38
What ist he type of the sex organs of the bryophystes? What is the male and female sexual organs and
it is multicellular male : anteridium and , biflaggelate antherezoid female: archaegonium flask shaped and produced a single egg
39
How is the sporophyte present in bryophytes ?
they are attached and depends on the photosynthetic gametophyte for nutrition
40
What is the economic use of sphagnum?
peat and trans shipment : sphagnum
41
Which are the first organism to colonize the rock?
mosses and lichen are the first to colonize the rocks | and make them suitable for the growth of other plant
42
What are the types of bryophytes?
liverworts horn worts mosses
43
What is the charecteristics body feature of liverworts? What kind of rhizoid do they have?
they are dorsoventrally flattened to the susbtratum tiny leaf like appendages in two rows of stem they have unicellular rhizoids
44
How does egetative , asexual and sexual reproduction take place in liverworts?
vegetative: fragmentation of the thallus asexual : gemmae sexual : OOGAMOUS male and female gametes are produced in the same or different thalli ( antheridium and archaegonium)
45
What are the parts of the sporophytes in the liverworts?
foot , setae and capsule
46
Where are the spores produced in teh liverworts>
in the capsule by the spore mother cell
47
What is the predominant stage of the mosses?
gametophyte
48
What are the two different stages of gametophyte of mosees?
protonema : the first stage, developed from the spore | leafy stage: develops from the secondary protonema
49
How are the mosses attched to the susbtratum
with the help of MULTICELLULAR rhizoids
50
How does vegetative , aseuxl and sexual reproduciton atek place in mosses?
vegetative: fragmentation and buding in secondary protonema sexual : antheridium adn archaegonium are produced in the apex of leafy stage
51
What are the body parts of the sporophyte in the mosses? And what is the main body of the mosses comopsed of ?
capule setae foot it is composed of both 2n and n
52
What is the ploidy of the main body of pteridophytes?
2n
53
Which si the first organism to have vasular system? What is the meanig of the presence of vascular systems?
pteridophyte | presence of true xylem and phloem
54
Does pteridophytes have root, stem and leaves?
yes pteridophytes have true root , stem and leaves
55
What are the two types of leaves in pteridopytes give their examples?
micropylls: selaginella | macropylls : fern
56
Where are the sporangia present in the pteridophytes?
the sporangia are present in sporopyll : fern stobili : equisetum and selaginella
57
What is the type of cell that produces spores in the sporangia of pteridophytes ?
the spore mother cell
58
What forms from the spore in pteridophytes ? What are teh sex organs in t?
prothallus (free living , photosynthetic and thalloid gametophytes antheridium and archaegonium
59
Why is the habitat of pteridophytes restricted to some placeS/
they need water for fertilization in gametophyte and thus its spread is limited to small zone of areas
60
What are the two types of pteridophytes on the basis of spores ?
``` homosporous hetersporous ( develops into male and female gametophyte) / this event is the precursor of seed habit ```
61
Give soem examples of homosporous pteridophytes?
``` Sa - S- M- A savlinia selaginella marseail azolla ```
62
Why do we tell that pteridophytes are the precurspors of the ceed habitat?
some of the sporophyte retained the gametophyte and the development of the zygot took place in the sporophyte thus this was the precursor of the seed habit
63
What are the four classes of pteridophytes and give exmaoles?
psilopsida : psilotum lycopsida : selaginella , lycopodium sphenopsida : equisetum pteropsida : dryopteris , pteris and adiantum , salvinia, azolla
64
What is the ovary like in a gymnosprem?
they have ovary without anhy ovary wall but the have seed coat
65
Why are the seed of gymnosperm called naked seeds?
the seeds that develops post fertilization are not covered that is they dont have any pericarp but they have seed coat
66
What is the tallest species and which phylum deos it belong to ??
``` giant sequioa ( red wood) is the tallest tree it belongs to the gymnosperms ```
67
What is the root like in case of gymnosperm?
it is tap root
68
What is the difference between mycorrhiza and coralloid root? Give their exmapels?
mycorrhiza : (PINUS) root with fungal association coralloid root : (CYCAS) association with cyanobacteria
69
What ar eth etwo types of branches in gymnosperms?
unbranched: ( cycas) | branched : (pinus and cedrus )
70
What is the leaf of cycas like?
pinnate
71
What is the is the type of leaf in conifers?
needle like , reduce surface area and thick cuticle and sucken stomata reduced the surface area
72
Are gymnosperms heterosporous or homosporous?
hetersoporous microspores and megaspores
73
How are the spores arranged in gymnospmer?
stroblli (cone) sporophyll sporangia see the diagram in the book that i made if you want to need more
74
What is the male gamete in gymnospomer? How deos its development take place? Where deos its development take place>
pollen grain ``` micro sporophyll mega sporangia nucellus and integuments nucellus MMC ( microspore mother cell) mmc undergoes meiosis to form microspore the microspore forms the pollen ``` the development of pollen grain takes places in the sporangia
75
In which gymnosperm does the production of male sporophyll and female sporophyll take place in different tree?
cycas
76
Write the develpoment of female ovary?
mega sporophyll mega sporangia ovule ( integumens (envelope) + nucellus) nucellus MMC 4 megaspore ( 3 dies and 1 survives ) that one megaspore develops in the megasporangia and forms endospore and 2 arachaegonia (the female gametophyte)
77
What are the components of the female gametophyte ? is it multicellular or unicellular? Where is the female gametophyte prenset?
``` female gametophyte ( endospore and 2 arcahegonium) the female gametophyte is multicellular ``` the female gametophyte is present in the mega sporangia
78
Give examples of gymnosperms where both the male and female gametes are proudced in the same tree and one tree where the male and female gametes are produced in different tree?
both in the same tree : pinus and other male and female tree : cycas
79
Do the the male and the female gametophytes have the independent existance?
no
80
What is the female sex organs in gymnosperm and what si the male sex organ?
female : archaegonium | male : no more antheridium
81
How are the pollen grain transported to the ovule?
with the help of air currents
82
What are teh components of hte vascular system that are missing in gymnosperm? Are there any exceptions?
no xylem vessel companium cells except : Gnetum, Ephedra , Welwisthia
83
/What are the types of gymnosperms ?
cycadophyta (lower) : CYCAS coniferophyta (higher) 1) gingkoales : gingko biloba 2) Coniferales: pinus, cedrus deodar 3) Gnetum : gnetum, ephedra
84
Which plant is known as the living fossil and why ?
Gingko Biloba one of the oldest tree
85
Which tree has maiden hair?
Gingko Biloba
86
Where does the development of pollen grains and ovules take place?
in flowers
87
How are the seeds prenset in angiosperm?
they have a fruits ( pericarp) and a seed coat
88
What is the smalllest and the largest angiosperm?
smallest: Wulfia | Largest : Eucalyptus
89
What are th etwo classes of angiosperm?
monocot | dicot
90
``` What is the difference betwen monocot and dicot? (cotyledon) (venation) ( flower type) (whorls) ```
``` dicot , monocot cotyledon : 2,1 venation : reticulate , parallel flower type: (tetra and pentamerous flower) , ( trimerous flower) whorls : (4,5 member) , (3 member) ```
91
What is the male sex organ in angiosperm? What are the parts of a stamne? What is the female sex organs in angiosperm and what are its components?
stamen (filament and an anther ) pistil ( stigma , style , ovary)
92
Where are the pollen grain produced in a flower ?
``` in anther in micro sporangia micro spore mother cell (meiosis) micro spores (mitosis) pollen grain ```
93
How are the ovules made in an angiosperm?
``` ovary ovule spore mother cell(meiosis) 4 megaspore ( 3 die and 1 lives) the megaspore then divides to form the ovule ```
94
What are the components of the embryo sac in angiosperm? How many cell and how many nuclei?
EGG APPARATUS ( 1 egg , 2 synergids ) 2 POLAR NUCLEI 3 ANTIPODAL CELLS 7 celled and 8 nucleus
95
Why is it called double fertilization and triple fusion in angiosperm?
double fertilization 1) SYNGAMY : male gamete 1 + egg cell 2) TRIPLE FUSION : (polar nuclie fuse to form 2n) + male gamete 2
96
What is the result of syngamy and triple fusion ?
syngamy : zygote formation -- later cotyledon triple fusion : PRIMARY ENDOSPORE NUCLEI provides nourishment to embryo
97
What happens to the synergids and antipodal cells after fertilization?
death
98
What does the ovules and ovary in angiosperm develop into after fertilization ?
ovule : forms the seed | ovary : forms the fruit
99
Till which phylum do we find archaegonium ?
gymnosperm
100
Till which phylum do we find antheridium?
pteridophytes
101
What is teh difference between the male gametes of bryophytes and pteridophytes?
bryophytes; biflagellate | pteridophytes: multi flagellate
102
What ability leads to the formaiton of both haploid and diploid body in plants?
mitosis in haploid and diploid cels
103
What do you mean by haplontic life cycle? Give some examples?
haplontic : one cell zygote exampels : volvox , spirogyra , chlamydomonas
104
What do you mean by diplontic life cycle? Give some examples?
diplontic: single celled of few cells gametphyte exampesl : fucus , gymnosperm, angisperm
105
What is the life cycle in bryophytes and pteridophyte?
bryophytes : haplo diplontic | pteridophytes: haplo diplontic (NCERT)
106
What is the type of life cycle of pteridophytes?
halpodiplontic
107
How are most of hte algae and are there any exceotions?
most of algae are haplontic exceptions : ECTOCARPUS , POLYSIPHONIA , KELP (DIPLOHAPLONTIC) FUCUS : DIPLONTIC

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