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League of Legends S11 > Chapter 18 : Body fluids and circulation > Flashcards

Chapter 18 : Body fluids and circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Which is the most common body fluid used by higher organism ? What are the two body fluids used by humans ?

A

blood

blood , lymph

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2
Q

What is the percentage of protein in blood?

A

6-8 %

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3
Q

What is blood?

A

a special connective tissue consisting of fluid matrix, plasma and formed elements

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4
Q

What percentage of blood is plasma?

A

55%

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5
Q

What are the components of plasma?

A

1) 90% water
2) 6-8% proteins
3) Na, Ca,Mg, HCO3,Cl ,
4) glucose,amino acid ,lipids

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6
Q

What are hte major protein in the plasma?

A

fibrinogen
globulins
albumins

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7
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen?

A

for blood clotting

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8
Q

What is the function of globulins?

A

primarily for defense mechanism

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9
Q

What is the function of albumins ?

A

helps to maintain the osmotic balance

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10
Q

What is serum?

A

plasma minus the clotting factors

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11
Q

What are components of the formed elements?

A

erythrocytes
leucocytes
platelets

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12
Q

What percentage of the blood is the formed elements?

A

45%

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13
Q

Which is the most abundant type of blood cell?

A

erythrocytes

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14
Q

What is the number of RBCs present in a healthy adult man ?

A

5-5.5 million RBCs per mm cube of blood

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15
Q

Where are the RBCs formed?

A

the red bone marrow

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16
Q

Describe an RBC cel?

A

they do not have a nucleus
they are bi concave in shape
they have an iron containing compound called haemoglobin

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17
Q

How much haemoglobin is present in 100 mL of blood of an healhy adult?

A

12-16 gms

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18
Q

What is the average lifespan of an RBC and what happens after that?

A

120 days, and after that they are destroyed in the spleen

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19
Q

Why are the WBC color less?

A

they do not have a haemoglobin

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20
Q

How much WBC does an average person contain per mili meter cube ?

A

6000-8000mm-3 of blood

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21
Q

What are teh tow general categories of WBC?

A

Agranulocyte and Granulocytes

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22
Q

What are the types of granulcytes? and their respective percentages?

A

Eosinophylls (2-3)%

Basophills (0.5-1)%

Neutrophills (60-65)%

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23
Q

What are the types of agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes (6-8)%

lymphocytes (20-25)%

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24
Q

Which type of WBC is present in least and the highest amount?

A

neutrophills( highest)

Basophils( highest amount)

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25
Q

What are the two phagocytotic WBC?

A

monocytes and neutrophills

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26
Q

What is the function of basophills?

A

histamine, serotonin ,heparin

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27
Q

What is the function of eosinopylls?

A

allergic reaction and resist infection

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28
Q

What are the two types of Lymphocytes?

A

B and T

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29
Q

What is the name of platelets and what is the amount of it found in the blood?

A

Thromobocytes 1.5-3.5 lakhs

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30
Q

How are platelets formed?

A

platelets are the fragments of a special bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes

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31
Q

What are the two grouping ways of blood?

A

ABO

Rh

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32
Q

What is the basis of the grouping of ABO system?

A

on the basis of the presence or absence of A,B antigen

anit A or anit B antibodies

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33
Q

Which blood group is called the universal donor and which is called the universal acceptor?

A

O ( donor)

receiver (AB)

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34
Q

How can the foetus be affected because of erythroblastosis foetalis?

A

the foestus can suffer form anaemia or jaundice

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35
Q

Basis of the Rh blood type identification?

A

based on teh presence or the absence of Rheuses antigen

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36
Q

What happens if Rh negative blood is transused in a blood with Rh positive blood?

A

the immune system will from anti bodies against the Rh antigens

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37
Q

What is the meaning of erythroblastosis foetalis?

A

when the Rh group of the mother is not same for Rh the foetus

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38
Q

How are the subsequent foetus of the pregnant lady saved from immune response after the delivery of the first child ?

A

this can be avoided by administering anti -Rh antibodies to the mother immediately after the delivery of the first child

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39
Q

The cascade pathway for the formation of clot?

A

prothrombin —(thrombokinase)—> thrombin

Fibrinogen–(thrombin)—->fibrin

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40
Q

Which ion plays a crucial role in the formation of clot ?

A

Ca ++

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41
Q

What is a tissue fluid or interstitial fluid ?

A

these are the fluids that are released by the capilaries into the tissue

helps in teh exchange of gases

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42
Q

What is the function of the lymphatc vessel?

A

network of vessel that is responsible for the drainage and the collection of the interstitial fluid back into teh MAJOR VEINS

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43
Q

What is lymph?

A

the fluid inside a lymphatic vessel is called lymph

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44
Q

What is the functions of lymph?

A

contains nutrition, waste, hormones

absorb fats

helps in immune responses

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45
Q

What are the two types of circulatory system?

A

open

closed

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46
Q

Animals that has open cirulatory system?

A

arthropods

molluscs

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47
Q

Animals that have closed circulatory system?

A

annelids and chordates

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48
Q

What is the type of heart present in a fish?

A

2 chambered

1 atrium and 1 venrticle

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49
Q

What is the type of heart present in amphibians and reptiles excet croodiles?

A

3 chambered

2 atruim and 1 ventricle

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50
Q

What type of heart does a croc have?

A

4 chambered heart ( 2 atria and 2 ventricle)

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51
Q

How does the hear of an amphibain or a reptile work?

A

left atrium —– oxygenated blood form gills

right atrium——deoxygenated blood

ventricle ———pumps the mixed oxygented blood

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52
Q

From which layer does a heart derive from ?

A

mesoderm

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53
Q

What is the covering of hte heart called?

A

pericardium

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54
Q

What is responsible for the separation of the right and the left atrium?

A

inter atrial septum

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55
Q

What is responsible for the separation of the right and the left ventricle?

A

the inter ventricular septum

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56
Q

What is responsible for the separation of the atrium and the ventricle ?

A

atrio ventricular septum

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57
Q

What are the two types of valves present in between the atria and the ventricle in hte left and the right side of the heart?

A

left : bicuspid valve (MITRAL VALVE)

right : tricuspid valve

58
Q

What is the heart made up of ?

A

cardiac muscle cells

59
Q

The walls of atria are thicker or the walls of ventricle?

A

ventricle

60
Q

How much maximum number of action potential can a SAN produce?

A

70-75/min

61
Q

What is called the pacemaker of the heart ?

A

SAN

62
Q

What happens when the SAN produce a signal at the atria ?

A

atrial systole

63
Q

How many times does the heart beat in a minute?

A

70-75 (average - 72)

64
Q

What is teh average lenght of a cardiac cycle?

A

0.8

65
Q

What is teh average stroke volume?

A

70mL

66
Q

How much blood is pumped out of the ventricle every minute?

A

5L

67
Q

When is the lub sound produced?

A

the bicuspid and the tricuspid valve closes

68
Q

When is the dub sound produced?

A

during the closing of the semi luminar valve of aorta or the pumonary artery

69
Q

Where are the three elctrical leads attached to the body of the patient to find out the ECG?

A

L/R wrist and the left ankle

70
Q

What are the three layers of a blood vessel amd what is it made up of ?

A

tunica intima : simple squamous epithelium

tunica media : smooth muscle and elastic fibre

tunica externa : WFCT and collagen fibre

71
Q

Which organs does the hepatic portal vein connect?

A

from the digestive tract to the liver

72
Q

What supplies the blood to the heart?

A

transport blood to the heart musculature

73
Q

What regulates the heart muscles?

A

nodal tissue

74
Q

Why is heart called myogenic?

A

because it is auto regulated by a special set of specialized muscles

75
Q

What are the four factors that can affect the heart rate and how do they affect the heart rate?

A

Medulla Oblongata(ANS) : moderate the heart rate

Sympathetic (ANS) can increase the heart rate, strenght of ventricular contrction and thus the cardiac OUTPUT INCREASES

Parasymphatetic (ANS) can decrease the heart beat, speed of conduction of the action potential and thus reduce the CARDIAC OUTPUT DECREASES

Adrenal medulla : hormones can increase the heat rate

76
Q

What can High pressure cause and what is its cause ?

A

heart , kidney failure

it occurs when a persons blood pressure is higher than 120/80 ie 140/90

77
Q

What happens in a coronary artery disease?

A

here a plaque forms in the artery that supplies blood to the heart

one example is atherosclerosis

78
Q

What happens in an angina pectoris (angina) ?

A

acute chest pain when there is not enough oxygen reaching the heart during excessive exercise

79
Q

What is the meaning of heart failure?

A

the heart cannot pump blood effictively lungs is one of the main reasons for this

80
Q

What is the meaning of cardiac arrest?

A

heart stops beating

81
Q

What is the meaning of heart attack ?

A

damages heart muscles due to inadequate blood supply

82
Q

Which organ is called grave yard of RBCs?

A

spleen

83
Q

What happens in atherosclerosis?

A

calcluim, fat, cholesterol and fibrous tissue makes the lumen of the artery narrower

84
Q

Which leukocyte are found most abundantly?

A

neutrophylls

85
Q

Which is the least found leukocyte?

A

basophills

86
Q

How many platelets does a normal human have?

A

150K - 350K per mm cube

87
Q

Where is the pericardial fluid present?

A

between the heart and the pericardium

88
Q

What is the funciton of bundle of His?

A

it transmits the signal from SAN to the entire ventricle

89
Q

What is the meaning semi luminar valve?

A

it is present at the aorta and the the pulomnary artery opening at the ventricle

90
Q

When does the semi luminar valve open?

A

when the pressure in the ventricle increases

91
Q

What happens in the P stage?

A

the atria contracts

92
Q

What happens in the QRS stage of the ECG?

A

the ventricle contracts

93
Q

What do you infer from the T wave?

A

it means the end of the ventricluar systole

94
Q

What does the deformation of the ECG refer to ?

A

an abnormality in the health condition

95
Q

Why is heart called myogenic?

A

because it has special nodal tissue for regulation

96
Q

What is the cause of angina pectoris?

A

inadequate oxygen supply

97
Q

What is the gene that is responsible for the blood group in humans?

A

gene I (Isoagglutinin)

98
Q

Is erythrobastosis foetalis fatal to the foetus ?

A

yes

99
Q

What can happen to the baby after erythrobastosis foetalis?

A

jaundice and anaemia

100
Q

What prevents the back flow of blood in vein ?

A

the valves in the vein

101
Q

What are the three layers of the blood vessel?

A

tunica interna : endothelium
tunica media : smooth involuntary muscle
tunica externa : connective tissue

102
Q

How many layers of pericardium are presnt?

A

two layers

103
Q

Where is the percardial cavity present?

A

in between teh two layers of the pericardium

104
Q

What is the fluid present in the pericardial fluid called?

A

pericardial fluid

105
Q

Which ventricle is thicker or are they of hte same thickenss?

A

the left ventricle is thicker

106
Q

Where is bi cuspid valve present?

A

in the left ventricle and left atria

107
Q

Where is teh tri cuspid valve present?

A

in the right ventricle and atria

108
Q

What controls the opening and closing of hte bi and tri cuspid valves?

A

chordae tendinae

109
Q

What is the muscle connecte to the cordae tendinae called?

A

papillary muscle

110
Q

Where are the semi luminal valves present?

A

in between the pulmonary artery and right ventricle

in between the aorta and the left ventricle

111
Q

Where is hte SAN present?

A

in the wall of right atrium near the opening of sperior vena cave

112
Q

What are the two veins of hte vena cava celled?

A

inferior vena cava and superior vena cava

113
Q

What is the function of internodal bundle?

A

it transmits hte signal form the SAN and AVN

114
Q

What are purkinje fibres?

A

these are the branching of the AVN

115
Q

What is the meaning of myocardial infarction ?

A

complication due the reduced blood supply to the heart wall : nausea, pain,perspiraiton ,ECG change

116
Q

What is the meaning of arteio sclerosis?

A

it is the deposition of plaque in the small arteries

117
Q

What is the meaning of plaues in artherosclerosis?

A

deposition of cholesterol and lipids within the interna and inner media of arteries

118
Q

Which organ is called the graveyard of RBC?

A

spleen

119
Q

What is the clot or the coagulam formed of ?

A

it is formed of the thread elements called the fibrins in which the dead and the damaged formed elements of the blood are stored

120
Q

What secreted the factors that are responsible for the coagulation?

A

both the tissue and the platelets can release the cotting factors which is reposnible for the coagulation

121
Q

What is the nodal tissue made up of

A

they are specialized muscle cells

122
Q

What is the number of beats of the heart pe minute?

A

72

123
Q

What is hte smallest type of leukocyte?

A

lymohocyte

124
Q

Where does the luekocytes disintegrate itself?

A

blood , liver and lymoh nodes

125
Q

What is the life span of platelets?

A

3 to 7 days

126
Q

Which of the following factors induces lysis of fibrin during fibrinolysis?

1) fibrin
2) thrombin
3) plasmin
4) platelet factor 8

A

plasmin

127
Q

statement : prothrombin is essential for blood clottin g

statemtn 2: prothrmobin is synthesized in the liver in the prsence of C0a++

which of them is wrong and why?

A

statement 2 is wron

PROTHROMBIN is synthesized in hte LIVER in hte presence of VIT K

128
Q

Coagulation will not be affected in the absence of the factor:

1) 7
2) 12
3) 8
4) 6

A

clotting factor 6 is stable factor

ITS FUNCTION IS NOT YET ASSIGNED

129
Q

What type of disease is haemophilia B? What causes it ?

A

it is a congenital disease

it caused by the deiciency of CHRISTMUS FACTOR

130
Q

What is the number of Christmus factor and what is its functio ?

A

it is factor no 9 and its funciton is to activate the thromboplastin

131
Q

In clotting mechanism pathway thrombin activates the factors :

A

11, 8,5

132
Q

What is pulse?

A

it is the rhythemic contraction and relaxation in the artery

133
Q

In a standard ECG which one of the follwoing alphabets is the correct representation of the respective activity of the human heart?

1) S - start of systole
2) T - end of diastole
3) P - depolarization of the atria
4) R - repolarization of ventricles

A

3)S - depolarization of atria

134
Q

What does depolarization of atria mean?

A

systole

135
Q

Which one is bigger in diameter?

A

vein

136
Q

Is it true or false?

veins contain more blood than any part o the circulatory system

A

true

137
Q

Which blood vessel has the highest cross sectional area?

A

CAPILLARY

138
Q

What happens to the speed of the blood in the capillary ?

A

it decreases its speed

139
Q

What supplies oxygenated blood to the brain ?

A

carotid artery

140
Q

What is an angiogram?

A

a process of imaging the lumen of blood capillaries

141
Q

Which the brain controlas the heart rate?

A

medulla oblongata

142
Q

Where are the antibody present ?

A

In the SERUM

League of Legends S11 (22 decks)

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