Chapter 18 : Body fluids and circulation Flashcards
Which is the most common body fluid used by higher organism ? What are the two body fluids used by humans ?
blood
blood , lymph
What is the percentage of protein in blood?
6-8 %
What is blood?
a special connective tissue consisting of fluid matrix, plasma and formed elements
What percentage of blood is plasma?
55%
What are the components of plasma?
1) 90% water
2) 6-8% proteins
3) Na, Ca,Mg, HCO3,Cl ,
4) glucose,amino acid ,lipids
What are hte major protein in the plasma?
fibrinogen
globulins
albumins
What is the function of fibrinogen?
for blood clotting
What is the function of globulins?
primarily for defense mechanism
What is the function of albumins ?
helps to maintain the osmotic balance
What is serum?
plasma minus the clotting factors
What are components of the formed elements?
erythrocytes
leucocytes
platelets
What percentage of the blood is the formed elements?
45%
Which is the most abundant type of blood cell?
erythrocytes
What is the number of RBCs present in a healthy adult man ?
5-5.5 million RBCs per mm cube of blood
Where are the RBCs formed?
the red bone marrow
Describe an RBC cel?
they do not have a nucleus
they are bi concave in shape
they have an iron containing compound called haemoglobin
How much haemoglobin is present in 100 mL of blood of an healhy adult?
12-16 gms
What is the average lifespan of an RBC and what happens after that?
120 days, and after that they are destroyed in the spleen
Why are the WBC color less?
they do not have a haemoglobin
How much WBC does an average person contain per mili meter cube ?
6000-8000mm-3 of blood
What are teh tow general categories of WBC?
Agranulocyte and Granulocytes
What are the types of granulcytes? and their respective percentages?
Eosinophylls (2-3)%
Basophills (0.5-1)%
Neutrophills (60-65)%
What are the types of agranulocytes?
Monocytes (6-8)%
lymphocytes (20-25)%
Which type of WBC is present in least and the highest amount?
neutrophills( highest)
Basophils( highest amount)
What are the two phagocytotic WBC?
monocytes and neutrophills
What is the function of basophills?
histamine, serotonin ,heparin
What is the function of eosinopylls?
allergic reaction and resist infection
What are the two types of Lymphocytes?
B and T
What is the name of platelets and what is the amount of it found in the blood?
Thromobocytes 1.5-3.5 lakhs
How are platelets formed?
platelets are the fragments of a special bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes
What are the two grouping ways of blood?
ABO
Rh
What is the basis of the grouping of ABO system?
on the basis of the presence or absence of A,B antigen
anit A or anit B antibodies
Which blood group is called the universal donor and which is called the universal acceptor?
O ( donor)
receiver (AB)
How can the foetus be affected because of erythroblastosis foetalis?
the foestus can suffer form anaemia or jaundice
Basis of the Rh blood type identification?
based on teh presence or the absence of Rheuses antigen
What happens if Rh negative blood is transused in a blood with Rh positive blood?
the immune system will from anti bodies against the Rh antigens
What is the meaning of erythroblastosis foetalis?
when the Rh group of the mother is not same for Rh the foetus
How are the subsequent foetus of the pregnant lady saved from immune response after the delivery of the first child ?
this can be avoided by administering anti -Rh antibodies to the mother immediately after the delivery of the first child
The cascade pathway for the formation of clot?
prothrombin —(thrombokinase)—> thrombin
Fibrinogen–(thrombin)—->fibrin
Which ion plays a crucial role in the formation of clot ?
Ca ++
What is a tissue fluid or interstitial fluid ?
these are the fluids that are released by the capilaries into the tissue
helps in teh exchange of gases
What is the function of the lymphatc vessel?
network of vessel that is responsible for the drainage and the collection of the interstitial fluid back into teh MAJOR VEINS
What is lymph?
the fluid inside a lymphatic vessel is called lymph
What is the functions of lymph?
contains nutrition, waste, hormones
absorb fats
helps in immune responses
What are the two types of circulatory system?
open
closed
Animals that has open cirulatory system?
arthropods
molluscs
Animals that have closed circulatory system?
annelids and chordates
What is the type of heart present in a fish?
2 chambered
1 atrium and 1 venrticle
What is the type of heart present in amphibians and reptiles excet croodiles?
3 chambered
2 atruim and 1 ventricle
What type of heart does a croc have?
4 chambered heart ( 2 atria and 2 ventricle)
How does the hear of an amphibain or a reptile work?
left atrium —– oxygenated blood form gills
right atrium——deoxygenated blood
ventricle ———pumps the mixed oxygented blood
From which layer does a heart derive from ?
mesoderm
What is the covering of hte heart called?
pericardium
What is responsible for the separation of the right and the left atrium?
inter atrial septum
What is responsible for the separation of the right and the left ventricle?
the inter ventricular septum
What is responsible for the separation of the atrium and the ventricle ?
atrio ventricular septum
What are the two types of valves present in between the atria and the ventricle in hte left and the right side of the heart?
left : bicuspid valve (MITRAL VALVE)
right : tricuspid valve
What is the heart made up of ?
cardiac muscle cells
The walls of atria are thicker or the walls of ventricle?
ventricle
How much maximum number of action potential can a SAN produce?
70-75/min
What is called the pacemaker of the heart ?
SAN
What happens when the SAN produce a signal at the atria ?
atrial systole
How many times does the heart beat in a minute?
70-75 (average - 72)
What is teh average lenght of a cardiac cycle?
0.8
What is teh average stroke volume?
70mL
How much blood is pumped out of the ventricle every minute?
5L
When is the lub sound produced?
the bicuspid and the tricuspid valve closes
When is the dub sound produced?
during the closing of the semi luminar valve of aorta or the pumonary artery
Where are the three elctrical leads attached to the body of the patient to find out the ECG?
L/R wrist and the left ankle
What are the three layers of a blood vessel amd what is it made up of ?
tunica intima : simple squamous epithelium
tunica media : smooth muscle and elastic fibre
tunica externa : WFCT and collagen fibre
Which organs does the hepatic portal vein connect?
from the digestive tract to the liver
What supplies the blood to the heart?
transport blood to the heart musculature
What regulates the heart muscles?
nodal tissue
Why is heart called myogenic?
because it is auto regulated by a special set of specialized muscles
What are the four factors that can affect the heart rate and how do they affect the heart rate?
Medulla Oblongata(ANS) : moderate the heart rate
Sympathetic (ANS) can increase the heart rate, strenght of ventricular contrction and thus the cardiac OUTPUT INCREASES
Parasymphatetic (ANS) can decrease the heart beat, speed of conduction of the action potential and thus reduce the CARDIAC OUTPUT DECREASES
Adrenal medulla : hormones can increase the heat rate
What can High pressure cause and what is its cause ?
heart , kidney failure
it occurs when a persons blood pressure is higher than 120/80 ie 140/90
What happens in a coronary artery disease?
here a plaque forms in the artery that supplies blood to the heart
one example is atherosclerosis
What happens in an angina pectoris (angina) ?
acute chest pain when there is not enough oxygen reaching the heart during excessive exercise
What is the meaning of heart failure?
the heart cannot pump blood effictively lungs is one of the main reasons for this
What is the meaning of cardiac arrest?
heart stops beating
What is the meaning of heart attack ?
damages heart muscles due to inadequate blood supply
Which organ is called grave yard of RBCs?
spleen
What happens in atherosclerosis?
calcluim, fat, cholesterol and fibrous tissue makes the lumen of the artery narrower
Which leukocyte are found most abundantly?
neutrophylls
Which is the least found leukocyte?
basophills
How many platelets does a normal human have?
150K - 350K per mm cube
Where is the pericardial fluid present?
between the heart and the pericardium
What is the funciton of bundle of His?
it transmits the signal from SAN to the entire ventricle
What is the meaning semi luminar valve?
it is present at the aorta and the the pulomnary artery opening at the ventricle
When does the semi luminar valve open?
when the pressure in the ventricle increases
What happens in the P stage?
the atria contracts
What happens in the QRS stage of the ECG?
the ventricle contracts
What do you infer from the T wave?
it means the end of the ventricluar systole
What does the deformation of the ECG refer to ?
an abnormality in the health condition
Why is heart called myogenic?
because it has special nodal tissue for regulation
What is the cause of angina pectoris?
inadequate oxygen supply
What is the gene that is responsible for the blood group in humans?
gene I (Isoagglutinin)
Is erythrobastosis foetalis fatal to the foetus ?
yes
What can happen to the baby after erythrobastosis foetalis?
jaundice and anaemia
What prevents the back flow of blood in vein ?
the valves in the vein
What are the three layers of the blood vessel?
tunica interna : endothelium
tunica media : smooth involuntary muscle
tunica externa : connective tissue
How many layers of pericardium are presnt?
two layers
Where is the percardial cavity present?
in between teh two layers of the pericardium
What is the fluid present in the pericardial fluid called?
pericardial fluid
Which ventricle is thicker or are they of hte same thickenss?
the left ventricle is thicker
Where is bi cuspid valve present?
in the left ventricle and left atria
Where is teh tri cuspid valve present?
in the right ventricle and atria
What controls the opening and closing of hte bi and tri cuspid valves?
chordae tendinae
What is the muscle connecte to the cordae tendinae called?
papillary muscle
Where are the semi luminal valves present?
in between the pulmonary artery and right ventricle
in between the aorta and the left ventricle
Where is hte SAN present?
in the wall of right atrium near the opening of sperior vena cave
What are the two veins of hte vena cava celled?
inferior vena cava and superior vena cava
What is the function of internodal bundle?
it transmits hte signal form the SAN and AVN
What are purkinje fibres?
these are the branching of the AVN
What is the meaning of myocardial infarction ?
complication due the reduced blood supply to the heart wall : nausea, pain,perspiraiton ,ECG change
What is the meaning of arteio sclerosis?
it is the deposition of plaque in the small arteries
What is the meaning of plaues in artherosclerosis?
deposition of cholesterol and lipids within the interna and inner media of arteries
Which organ is called the graveyard of RBC?
spleen
What is the clot or the coagulam formed of ?
it is formed of the thread elements called the fibrins in which the dead and the damaged formed elements of the blood are stored
What secreted the factors that are responsible for the coagulation?
both the tissue and the platelets can release the cotting factors which is reposnible for the coagulation
What is the nodal tissue made up of
they are specialized muscle cells
What is the number of beats of the heart pe minute?
72
What is hte smallest type of leukocyte?
lymohocyte
Where does the luekocytes disintegrate itself?
blood , liver and lymoh nodes
What is the life span of platelets?
3 to 7 days
Which of the following factors induces lysis of fibrin during fibrinolysis?
1) fibrin
2) thrombin
3) plasmin
4) platelet factor 8
plasmin
statement : prothrombin is essential for blood clottin g
statemtn 2: prothrmobin is synthesized in the liver in the prsence of C0a++
which of them is wrong and why?
statement 2 is wron
PROTHROMBIN is synthesized in hte LIVER in hte presence of VIT K
Coagulation will not be affected in the absence of the factor:
1) 7
2) 12
3) 8
4) 6
clotting factor 6 is stable factor
ITS FUNCTION IS NOT YET ASSIGNED
What type of disease is haemophilia B? What causes it ?
it is a congenital disease
it caused by the deiciency of CHRISTMUS FACTOR
What is the number of Christmus factor and what is its functio ?
it is factor no 9 and its funciton is to activate the thromboplastin
In clotting mechanism pathway thrombin activates the factors :
11, 8,5
What is pulse?
it is the rhythemic contraction and relaxation in the artery
In a standard ECG which one of the follwoing alphabets is the correct representation of the respective activity of the human heart?
1) S - start of systole
2) T - end of diastole
3) P - depolarization of the atria
4) R - repolarization of ventricles
3)S - depolarization of atria
What does depolarization of atria mean?
systole
Which one is bigger in diameter?
vein
Is it true or false?
veins contain more blood than any part o the circulatory system
true
Which blood vessel has the highest cross sectional area?
CAPILLARY
What happens to the speed of the blood in the capillary ?
it decreases its speed
What supplies oxygenated blood to the brain ?
carotid artery
What is an angiogram?
a process of imaging the lumen of blood capillaries
Which the brain controlas the heart rate?
medulla oblongata
Where are the antibody present ?
In the SERUM
