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Anatomy > Chapter 8: articulations > Flashcards

Chapter 8: articulations Flashcards

1
Q

what do joints do?

A

Joints hold bones together but MAY permit movement

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2
Q

what are the three points of contact?

A

between 2 bones
between cartilage and bone
between teeth and bones

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3
Q

what is arthrology?

A

the study of joints

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4
Q

what is Kinesiology?

A

the study of motion

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5
Q

what are the three classifications of joints? briefly describe them (based on movement)

A 
Synarthrosis = immovable
Amphiarthrosis = slightly moveable
Diarthrosis = freely moveable
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6
Q

what are the three classifications of joints? (based on anatomy)

A

Fibrous (collagen fibers)
Cartilaginous (cartilage)
Synovial (joint capsule & accessory ligaments)

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7
Q

describe fibrous joints

A
  • Lack a synovial cavity
  • Bones held closely together by fibrous connective tissue
  • Little or no movement (synarthroses or amphiarthroses)
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8
Q

what are the three structural types of fibrous joints?

A

sutures
syndesmoses
gomphoses

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9
Q

what is a suture?

are sutures moveable?

A
  • Thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue unites bones of the skull
  • No they are immovable (synarthrosis)
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10
Q

if sutures fuse completely in adults this is known as what?

A

synostosis

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11
Q

describe syndesmoses

whats an example?

A 
Fibrous joint 
bones united by ligament 
Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)

example: Anterior tibiofibular joint and interosseous membrane

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12
Q

describe gomphoses

A

Ligament holds cone-shaped peg in bony socket
Immovable (synarthrosis)
Teeth in alveolar processes of maxillae or mandible

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13
Q

describe cartilage joints

A

Lacks a synovial cavity
Allows little or no movement
Bones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

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14
Q

what are the two types of cartilage joints?

A

synchondroses

symphyses

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15
Q

describe synchondroses and give an example

A

Connecting material is hyaline cartilage
Immovable (synarthrosis)
example is Epiphyseal plate or joints between ribs and sternum

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16
Q

describe symphyses and give an example

A

Fibrocartilage is connecting material
Slightly movable (amphiarthroses)
example is Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

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17
Q

What are two features of synovial joints?

A

1) 2 bones separated by fluid-filled cavity
2) Joint capsule has 2 layers
- synovial membrane
- articular cartilage

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18
Q

what are the components of synovial fluid?

A

blood filtrate
hyaluronic acid
glycoproteins

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19
Q

what are the functions of synovial fluid?

A

lubricate joint surface
nourish chondrocytes
shock absorber

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20
Q

what two things do ligaments do?

A

reinforce & strengthen joint capsule

Connect bone to bone with dense regular CT

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21
Q

what are the two types of ligaments? where is each located and give an example of each

A

extracapsular ligaments:
outside joint capsule
Collaterals (ex. TCL)

intracapsular ligaments:
within capsule
Cruciates (ex. ACL)

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22
Q

what are articular disks? give an example

A

Pads of fibrous cartilage that subdivide a cavity

Ex: ulnolunate joint; knee joint

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23
Q

articular disks are also known as what?

A

Menisci

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24
Q

what are the functions of articular disks?

A 
Channel flow of synovial fluid
Modify articular surfaces
Restrict movements at joint
Cushion articulating surfaces
Help distribute body weight
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25
Q

what are fat pads? give an example

A

Adipose tissue surrounding the synovial capsule

Ex: tibiofemoral joint

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26
Q

what are the functions of fat pads?

A

Protect articular cartilage
Packing material
Fills spaces when joint changes shape

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27
Q

what are bursae?

A

small, fluid filled pockets of connective tissue

28
Q

what is the function of bursae?

A

cushion and support, aid movement of tendons

29
Q

where is bursae located?

A

hypodermis; between tendons/ ligaments & bones

30
Q

describe gliding movement

A

Two opposing surfaces slide past one another

31
Q

describe angular movement

A

A change in angle between the shaft and the articular surface

32
Q

describe circumduction movement

A

A type of angular motion

Rotation of the shaft while changing the angle

33
Q

describe rotation

A

Spinning of the shaft without changing the angle

34
Q

what are the five types of angular movement?

A 
Abduction
Adduction
Flexion
Extension
Hyperextension
35
Q

what are the two types of rotation?

A

supination

pronation

36
Q

slides 27 and 28 for other special movements

A
37
Q

synovial joints are trade off between flexibility and stability because…….

A

Shape of articulating surfaces
Tightness of ligaments
Presence of accessory ligaments
Other factors: other bones, muscles or fat pads

38
Q

what are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A

Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball-and-socket

39
Q

describe a plane joint and give an example

A 
Bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved
Side to side movement only
Rotation prevented by ligaments
Examples:
intercarpal or intertarsal joints
sternoclavicular joint
vertebrocostal joints
40
Q

describe a hinge joint and give an example

A

Convex surface of one bones fits into concave surface of 2nd bone
Uniaxial like a door hinge
Examples:
Knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints

41
Q

what types of motion do hinge joints allow?

A 
flexion = decreasing the joint angle
extension = increasing the angle
hyperextension = opening the joint beyond the anatomical position
42
Q

describe a pivot joint and give an example

A 
Rounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by 2nd bone & ligament
Uniaxial since it allows only rotation around longitudinal axis
Examples:
Proximal radioulnar joint
(supination)
(pronation_
Atlanto-axial joint
(turning head side to side “no”)
43
Q

what happens in a condylar joint?

A

Oval-shaped projection fits into oval depression

44
Q

condylar joints are biaxial… what does this mean? examples?

A

Biaxial = flex/extend or abduct/adduct is possible
Examples:
wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints for digits 2 to 5

45
Q

how does a saddle joint work?

A

One bone saddled-shaped; other bone fits as a person would sitting in that saddle

46
Q

is a saddle joint biaxial? describe

A
  • Circumduction allows tip of thumb travel in circle

- Opposition allows tip of thumb to touch tip of other fingers

47
Q

where is a saddle joint located?

A

trapezium of carpus and metacarpal of the thumb

48
Q

how does a ball and socket joint work?

A

Ball fitting into a cuplike depression

49
Q

is a ball and socket joint biaxial? describe

A

no it is Multiaxial

  • flexion/extension
  • abduction/adduction
  • rotation
50
Q

what are some examples of a ball and socket joint?

A

shoulder joint and hip joint

51
Q

describe the temporomandibular joint

A

Hinge joint
between condylar process of mandible & mandibular fossa
Condyles slide back & forth along joint socket
2 synovial joints

52
Q

slide 37

A

:)

53
Q

what do intervertebral discs do?

A

Allows flexion, extension, lateral flexion & rotation

54
Q

what are the two parts to the intervertebral disc?

A 
Anulus fibrosus (fibrocartilage)
Nucleus pulposus (composed of 75% water, hyaluronic acid, reticular and elastic fibers)
55
Q

what is a herniated disk?

A
  • ‘slipped disc’
  • Nucleus pulposus breaks through annulus fibrosus
  • Movements of vertebral column compresses nucleus
56
Q

what is the glenohumeral joint?

A

Head of humerus meets glenoid cavity

shoulder joint

57
Q

in the glenohumeral joint, the glenoid cavity is covered by glenoid labrum. What is this?

A

A ring of dense irregular connective tissue attached to the margin of the glenoid cavity

58
Q

there are two joints that make up the elbow joint. what bones make up these joints and what motions do they allow?

A 
1.) Humerus and Ulna
Hinge
Flexion/extension
2.) Ulna and Radius
Pivot
Pronation/supination
59
Q

What are the five wrist and hand joints?

A 
radiocarpal 
intercarpal
carpometacarpal
metacarpophalangeal
interphalangeal 
(look at slide 42-43 for all details)
60
Q

for the hip joint, the _______ meets the ______ of the pelvis. The________ extends the size of the acetabulum

A

femoral head, acetabulum, labrum

61
Q

The knee joint must do four things…. what are they?

A

Support body mass
Have up to 160° motion
Be unobstructed by muscle (like hip)
Lack strong yet limiting ligaments (like ankle)

62
Q

what are the two knee joints? describe their ROM

A 
1.) Tibiofemoral joint
Hinge 
(Flexion/extension)
(Some rotation-less stable than most hinge joints)
2.)Patellofemoral joint
Plane
(sliding)
63
Q

the talocrural joint is the what joint?

what other joints are associated with this one?

A

ankle
tibiotalar
tibiofibular
fibulotalar

64
Q

what ROM does the ankle joint/s allow for?

A

dorsi/plantiflexion

65
Q

what are the four joints in the foot? describe briefly

A

Intertarsal: plane joints between tarsals
Tarsometatarsal: plane joints between tarsals and metatarsals
Metatarsophalangeal: condylar joints between metatarsals and digits
Interphalangeal: hinge joints in digits

Anatomy (23 decks)

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