Chapter 27: Reproductive System Flashcards
what are the functions of the reproductive system? (5)
Produce some reproductive hormones Produce gametes Facilitate fertilization Provide nutrients and gestate fetus Provide nutrients for newborn
what are the functions of the male reproductive system? (3)
Produce & maintain gametes
Transport gametes into female for fertilization
Secrete sex hormones
________ suspended by a spermatic cord within _______
testes, scrotum
what do the testes do?
Produce sperm
Produce male sex hormones
Androgens such as testosterone
what does testosterone stimulate in fetal development?
Stimulate formation of reproductive organs
Stimulate descent of testis
what does testosterone stimulate and increase in puberty?
Stimulate development of secondary sex characteristics
Increase cellular metabolism
Increase production of RBC
Stimulate sexual activity
what is the scrotum?
Pouch of skin inferior to perineum
Each testis occupies a scrotal cavity
what is the tunica vaginalis?
Serous membrane surrounding each testis
what does the cremaster muscle do?
Elevation of testes closer to body
Keeps them at lower temperature
what does the Dartos muscle do?
wrinkling of scrotum
what is the spermatic cord and what does it contain?
Vessels extend through the inguinal canal Contains: Ductus deferens Gentiofemoral nerve Differential artery Testicular artery Pampiniform veins
what are lobules?
Compartments housing seminiferous tubules
lobules are separated from one another by the _____________
tunica albuginea
describe the histology of testes
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what is spermatogenesis?
Where does it occur?
What occurs halfway through the process?
what does it result in?
The process where sperm cells are made:
Occurs in the seminiferous tubules
Meiosis occurs midway throughout this process
Results in haploid sperm
describe Nurse Cells
Stimulated by FSH and testosterone support the growth of sperm Maintain blood testes barrier Produce the hormone inhibin Represses FSH
what are the five stages of spermatogenesis?
Spermatogonia Primary spermatocyte Secondary spermatocyte Spermatid Spermatozoa
describe the structure of a sperm
1.) Head Acrosome -Vesicular compartment containing enzymes to penetrate oocyte 2.) Neck 3.) Middlepiece many mitochondria 4.) Tail -flagella
where is the epididymis located? what are the different parts?
- Lies on posterior boarder of testes
- Has a Head Body and Tail
what are the functions of the epididymis ?
Spermatozoa go from testes directly to epididymis
Recycles damaged spermatozoa
Stores spermatozoa and matures them (takes ~2 weeks)
describe the ductus deferens
A.k.a. Vas deferens Moves out of scrotum and around bladder posterior Enlarges at the base -Ampulla -Peristalsis may occur Merges with the seminal vesicles Becomes ejaculatory duct
describe the seminal vesicles
First of three glands that contribute to semen Posterior to bladder Secretion -60% semen volume -Fructose -Prostoglandins -Clotting factors Causes sperm to become motile
describe the prostate gland
Muscular, rounded organ, 4 cm diameter Inferior to bladder Surrounds urethra Secretion -Antibiotic -seminalplasmin
what is Found in the urogenital diaphragm?
what does it secrete?
Bulbourethral
secretes thick, alkaline mucus
the penis is made up of 2 sets of erectile tissue. What are they?
Corpora cavernosa
-two cylindrical masses with a central artery
Corpus spongiosum
-one mass that houses the urethra
Both tissues fill with _______ to achieve erection due to _____________________
blood; parasympathetic stimulation
what are the three parts of the penis? describe them
Root: -Corpora cavernosa that extends to the ischial rami Body: -Tubular -Consist of all erectile tissues Glans: -Enlarged, distal portion of corpus spongiosum -Covered by flap of skin -prepuce
in males the urethra has three parts. what are they? say where they run through
- ) Prostatic urethra
- Runs through prostate - ) Membranous urethra
- Through urogenital diaphram - ) Spongy urethra
- Through corpus spongiosum
- Exits at external urethral orifice
what are the functions of the female reproductive system? (5)
- Produce & maintain sex cells
- Transport sex cells to site of fertilization
- Provide favorable environment for developing offspring
- Move offspring to outside
- Produce female sex hormones
what are the four ligaments in the female reproductive system? where are they located?
- ) Broad ligament
- encloses superior internal structures - ) Ovarian ligament
- ovary to uretus - ) Suspensory ligament
- ovary to pelvic wall - ) Uterosacral ligament
- inferior uterus to sacrum
what are ovaries?
Paired organs at the lateral walls of pelvic cavity that house the gametes
ovaries receive blood from…..
ovarian arteries and veins
the ovaries are covered by what 2 things?
Germinal epithelium
Tunica albuginea
what are the four oogenesis? say when each happens
- ) Oogonium
- Develops before birth - ) Primary Oocyte
- Develops before birth - ) Secondary Oocyte
- Develops just before ovulation - ) Ovum
- Occurs only during fertilization
describe the ovarian cycle and what occurs
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what are the three parts of the uterine tubes?
Infundibulum
- Expanded end
- Fimbriae (finger like projections)
2. ) Ampulla - Intermediate portion
3. ) Isthmus - Narrow section
what do the uterine tubes consist of?
-Consist of smooth muscle and ciliated epithelium;cilia beat when ovulation occurs
in the uterine tubes, the oocyte has a ______ long trip
3-4 day
**Fertilization must occur during the first half of this trip
describe the uterus (3)
-Small and pear shaped
-Sits on top of the bladder
-Most women have it anteflexed
(20% have retroflexed)
what are the three major sections of the uterus?
- ) Fundus
- ) Body
- uterine cavity - ) Cervix
- Internal os
- Cervical canal
- External os
what are the three layers of the uterus? describe them
- ) Perimetrium
- Incomplete outer visceral peritoneum - ) Myometrium
- Muscular layer
- 1.5 cm thick - ) Endometrium
- Glandular inner layer (functional layer and basilar layer)
- Functional layer is shed and the basil layer survives during menses
The uterine cycle consists of 3 phases. What are they?
Menses
Proliferative
Secretory
describe the menses phase
- Caused by a drop in estrogen and progesterone due to the corpus albicans
- Arteries constrict
- Secretory tissues and glands begin to die
- Functional layer is sloughed off
describe the proliferative phase
Caused by the production of estrogen by the follicle
Basal epithelium multiplies
Glands regrow
Lasts until ovulation
describe the secretory phase
Caused by progesterone and estrogen released by the corpus luteum
Endometrial glands enlarge
Arterial elongation
Peaks at 12 days after ovulation
-Will persist with pregnancy
-Will deteriorate when corpus albicans occurs
describe the vagina
- Stratified squamous epithelium, smooth muscle, elastic fibers
- Rugae
- cervix projects into the vaginal canal
- Exits to the outside
- Hymen : an epithelial fold that partially blocks the entrance
what are the functions of the vagina?
Passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids
Receive penis and hold spermatozoa
Lower portion of the birth canal
what is the vulva?
The external genital area (female reproductive system)
what is the labia minora?
Smooth, hairless, skin flaps surrounding the vestibule, which contains the urethral opening and vaginal entrance
Erectile tissue surrounded by a prepuce in the female reproductive system is known as that what?
Clitoris
The outer vulva is made up by the _____________________
fleshy mons pubis and labia majora
describe the location of mammary glands
- Found within pectoral fat pads in the subcutaneous tissue
- Supported by suspensory ligaments
what do the lobes of the mammary glands produce? what does it move through? where is it stored?
Produce milk
Milk moves through lactiferous ducts and is stored in lactiferous sinuses
Milk exits through the______ that is surrounded by _______
nipple; areola
what hormones trigger milk production?
PRL, GH, and human placental lactogen (HPL) cause milk production
Oxytocin stimulates smooth muscle contraction and ejection
describe the development of mammary glands in children and in puberty
Children: male & female are similar
Puberty: Male glands fail to develop Females develop due to ovarian hormones Alveolar glands & ducts enlarge Fat deposited
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