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Anatomy > Chapter 27: Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 27: Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the reproductive system? (5)

A 
Produce some reproductive hormones
Produce gametes 
Facilitate fertilization
Provide nutrients and gestate fetus
Provide nutrients for newborn
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2
Q

what are the functions of the male reproductive system? (3)

A

Produce & maintain gametes
Transport gametes into female for fertilization
Secrete sex hormones

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3
Q

________ suspended by a spermatic cord within _______

A

testes, scrotum

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4
Q

what do the testes do?

A

Produce sperm
Produce male sex hormones
Androgens such as testosterone

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5
Q

what does testosterone stimulate in fetal development?

A

Stimulate formation of reproductive organs

Stimulate descent of testis

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6
Q

what does testosterone stimulate and increase in puberty?

A

Stimulate development of secondary sex characteristics
Increase cellular metabolism
Increase production of RBC
Stimulate sexual activity

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7
Q

what is the scrotum?

A

Pouch of skin inferior to perineum

Each testis occupies a scrotal cavity

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8
Q

what is the tunica vaginalis?

A

Serous membrane surrounding each testis

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9
Q

what does the cremaster muscle do?

A

Elevation of testes closer to body

Keeps them at lower temperature

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10
Q

what does the Dartos muscle do?

A

wrinkling of scrotum

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11
Q

what is the spermatic cord and what does it contain?

A 
Vessels extend through the inguinal canal
Contains:
Ductus deferens
Gentiofemoral nerve
Differential artery
Testicular artery
Pampiniform veins
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12
Q

what are lobules?

A

Compartments housing seminiferous tubules

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13
Q

lobules are separated from one another by the _____________

A

tunica albuginea

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14
Q

describe the histology of testes

A

slide 9

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15
Q

what is spermatogenesis?
Where does it occur?
What occurs halfway through the process?
what does it result in?

A

The process where sperm cells are made:
Occurs in the seminiferous tubules
Meiosis occurs midway throughout this process
Results in haploid sperm

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16
Q

describe Nurse Cells

A 
Stimulated by FSH and testosterone
support the growth of sperm
Maintain blood testes barrier
Produce the hormone inhibin
Represses FSH
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17
Q

what are the five stages of spermatogenesis?

A 
Spermatogonia
Primary spermatocyte
Secondary spermatocyte
Spermatid
Spermatozoa
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18
Q

describe the structure of a sperm

A 
1.) Head
Acrosome
-Vesicular compartment containing enzymes to penetrate oocyte
2.) Neck
3.) Middlepiece
many mitochondria
4.) Tail
-flagella
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19
Q

where is the epididymis located? what are the different parts?

A
  • Lies on posterior boarder of testes

- Has a Head Body and Tail

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20
Q

what are the functions of the epididymis ?

A

Spermatozoa go from testes directly to epididymis
Recycles damaged spermatozoa
Stores spermatozoa and matures them (takes ~2 weeks)

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21
Q

describe the ductus deferens

A 
A.k.a. Vas deferens
Moves out of scrotum and around bladder posterior
Enlarges at the base
-Ampulla
-Peristalsis may occur
Merges with the seminal vesicles 
Becomes ejaculatory duct
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22
Q

describe the seminal vesicles

A 
First of three glands that contribute to semen
Posterior to bladder
Secretion
-60% semen volume
-Fructose
-Prostoglandins
-Clotting factors
Causes sperm to become motile
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23
Q

describe the prostate gland

A 
Muscular, rounded organ, 4 cm diameter
Inferior to bladder
Surrounds urethra
Secretion
-Antibiotic 
-seminalplasmin
24
Q

what is Found in the urogenital diaphragm?

what does it secrete?

A

Bulbourethral

secretes thick, alkaline mucus

25
Q

the penis is made up of 2 sets of erectile tissue. What are they?

A

Corpora cavernosa
-two cylindrical masses with a central artery
Corpus spongiosum
-one mass that houses the urethra

26
Q

Both tissues fill with _______ to achieve erection due to _____________________

A

blood; parasympathetic stimulation

27
Q

what are the three parts of the penis? describe them

A 
Root:
-Corpora cavernosa that extends to the ischial rami
Body:
-Tubular
-Consist of all erectile tissues
Glans:
-Enlarged, distal portion of corpus spongiosum 
-Covered by flap of skin
-prepuce
28
Q

in males the urethra has three parts. what are they? say where they run through

A
  1. ) Prostatic urethra
    - Runs through prostate
  2. ) Membranous urethra
    - Through urogenital diaphram
  3. ) Spongy urethra
    - Through corpus spongiosum
    - Exits at external urethral orifice
29
Q

what are the functions of the female reproductive system? (5)

A
  • Produce & maintain sex cells
  • Transport sex cells to site of fertilization
  • Provide favorable environment for developing offspring
  • Move offspring to outside
  • Produce female sex hormones
30
Q

what are the four ligaments in the female reproductive system? where are they located?

A
  1. ) Broad ligament
    - encloses superior internal structures
  2. ) Ovarian ligament
    - ovary to uretus
  3. ) Suspensory ligament
    - ovary to pelvic wall
  4. ) Uterosacral ligament
    - inferior uterus to sacrum
31
Q

what are ovaries?

A

Paired organs at the lateral walls of pelvic cavity that house the gametes

32
Q

ovaries receive blood from…..

A

ovarian arteries and veins

33
Q

the ovaries are covered by what 2 things?

A

Germinal epithelium

Tunica albuginea

34
Q

what are the four oogenesis? say when each happens

A
  1. ) Oogonium
    - Develops before birth
  2. ) Primary Oocyte
    - Develops before birth
  3. ) Secondary Oocyte
    - Develops just before ovulation
  4. ) Ovum
    - Occurs only during fertilization
35
Q

describe the ovarian cycle and what occurs

A

slide 27-30

36
Q

what are the three parts of the uterine tubes?

A

Infundibulum

  • Expanded end
  • Fimbriae (finger like projections)
    2. ) Ampulla
  • Intermediate portion
    3. ) Isthmus
  • Narrow section
37
Q

what do the uterine tubes consist of?

A

-Consist of smooth muscle and ciliated epithelium;cilia beat when ovulation occurs

38
Q

in the uterine tubes, the oocyte has a ______ long trip

A

3-4 day

**Fertilization must occur during the first half of this trip

39
Q

describe the uterus (3)

A

-Small and pear shaped
-Sits on top of the bladder
-Most women have it anteflexed
(20% have retroflexed)

40
Q

what are the three major sections of the uterus?

A
  1. ) Fundus
  2. ) Body
    - uterine cavity
  3. ) Cervix
    - Internal os
    - Cervical canal
    - External os
41
Q

what are the three layers of the uterus? describe them

A
  1. ) Perimetrium
    - Incomplete outer visceral peritoneum
  2. ) Myometrium
    - Muscular layer
    - 1.5 cm thick
  3. ) Endometrium
    - Glandular inner layer (functional layer and basilar layer)
    - Functional layer is shed and the basil layer survives during menses
42
Q

The uterine cycle consists of 3 phases. What are they?

A

Menses
Proliferative
Secretory

43
Q

describe the menses phase

A
  • Caused by a drop in estrogen and progesterone due to the corpus albicans
  • Arteries constrict
  • Secretory tissues and glands begin to die
  • Functional layer is sloughed off
44
Q

describe the proliferative phase

A

Caused by the production of estrogen by the follicle
Basal epithelium multiplies
Glands regrow
Lasts until ovulation

45
Q

describe the secretory phase

A

Caused by progesterone and estrogen released by the corpus luteum
Endometrial glands enlarge
Arterial elongation
Peaks at 12 days after ovulation
-Will persist with pregnancy
-Will deteriorate when corpus albicans occurs

46
Q

describe the vagina

A
  • Stratified squamous epithelium, smooth muscle, elastic fibers
  • Rugae
  • cervix projects into the vaginal canal
  • Exits to the outside
  • Hymen : an epithelial fold that partially blocks the entrance
47
Q

what are the functions of the vagina?

A

Passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids
Receive penis and hold spermatozoa
Lower portion of the birth canal

48
Q

what is the vulva?

A

The external genital area (female reproductive system)

49
Q

what is the labia minora?

A

Smooth, hairless, skin flaps surrounding the vestibule, which contains the urethral opening and vaginal entrance

50
Q

Erectile tissue surrounded by a prepuce in the female reproductive system is known as that what?

A

Clitoris

51
Q

The outer vulva is made up by the _____________________

A

fleshy mons pubis and labia majora

52
Q

describe the location of mammary glands

A
  • Found within pectoral fat pads in the subcutaneous tissue

- Supported by suspensory ligaments

53
Q

what do the lobes of the mammary glands produce? what does it move through? where is it stored?

A

Produce milk

Milk moves through lactiferous ducts and is stored in lactiferous sinuses

54
Q

Milk exits through the______ that is surrounded by _______

A

nipple; areola

55
Q

what hormones trigger milk production?

A

PRL, GH, and human placental lactogen (HPL) cause milk production
Oxytocin stimulates smooth muscle contraction and ejection

56
Q

describe the development of mammary glands in children and in puberty

A

Children: male & female are similar

Puberty:
Male glands fail to develop
Females develop due to ovarian hormones
Alveolar glands & ducts enlarge
Fat deposited
57
Q

slide 48

A

LAST SLIDE EVER

Anatomy (23 decks)

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