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Anatomy > Chapter 3 Tissues PP bolded words > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Tissues PP bolded words Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

many cells that act and/or look similar that do the same thing

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2
Q

several different tissues working together make up an…?

A

an organ

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3
Q

what is the study of tissues?

A

Histology

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4
Q

what are the four primary tissue types?

A
  1. ) Epithelial
  2. ) Connective
  3. ) Muscle
  4. ) Neural
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5
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. ) Cellularity
  2. ) Polarity
  3. ) Attachment
  4. ) Avascularity
  5. ) Regeneration
  6. ) Covers all body surfaces (Arranged into sheets or layers)
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6
Q

What are the 4 functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. ) Provides protection
  2. ) Control permeability
  3. ) Provide sensation
  4. ) Produce specialized secretions
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7
Q

What does cellularity mean in relation to epithelial tissue?

A
  • There is little or no intercellular space between the cells in epithelial tissues
  • no matrix between cells
  • connected by junctions
  • may contain fluids (even be water tight)
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8
Q

What does avascularity mean in relation to epithelial tissue?

A
  • There are no blood vessels found in epithelial tissue

- nutrients are supplied through blood in the underlying tissue (diffusion across the apical or basal surfaces)

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9
Q

What are the three different classifications of epithelia?

A

Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified

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10
Q

What are the four different epithelial cell shapes?

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional

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11
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of simple squamous cells?

A

Structure: One layer of thin, flat, irregular cells
Function: Diffusion, secretion to reduce friction
Location: serous membranes, blood vessels, lungs, kidney tubules

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12
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of simple cuboidal cells?

A

Structure: one layer, hexagonal box-shaped cells
Function: absorption, secretion, limited protection
Location: Glands, ducts, kidney tubules

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13
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of simple columnar cells?

A

Structure: one layer, hexagonal column-shaped cells
Function: protection, absorption, secretion
Location: stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes

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14
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of pseudostratified columnar cells?

A

Structure: one layer, multishaped cells, nuclei at varied heights
Function: protection, secretion
Location: respiratory tract, male reproductive tract

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15
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of stratified squamous cells?

A

Structure: thin, flat, irregular cells
Function: protection against frequent abrasion
Location: skin, mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina

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16
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of stratified cuboidal cells?

A

Structure: multiple layers, hexagonal shaped boxes
Function: secretion
Location: Rare; sweat gland ducts

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17
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of stratified columnar cells?

A

Structure: multiple layers, hexagonal column-shaped cells
Function: protection, secretion
Location: Rare; pharynx, epiglottis, anus, glands

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18
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of transitional cells?

A

Structure: multiple layers, can change shape
Function: expansion and recoil without tearing
Location: urinary bladder, renal pelvis

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19
Q

what is a gland?

A

epithelial cells that are aggregated together to produce a specific product

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20
Q

where do exocrine glands secrete?

A

into ducts that open on a surface

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21
Q

where do endocrine glands secrete?

A

into tissue fluid or blood

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22
Q

what is the name for the cell that creates a unicellular exocrine gland?

A

goblet cell

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23
Q

describe secretory sheets

A

multicellular gland
one large sheer covering a surface
rarely have ducts or pockets

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24
Q

describe multicellular simple glands

A 
have one distinct duct with outpocketing
defined by the number and shape of these pockets:
1.) tubular: elongate
2.) coiled: winds
3.) alveolar: lobed 
(look at slide for pictures)
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25
Q

describe multicellular compound glands

A

have many distinct ducts with outpocketing
defined by the number and shape of these pockets:
1.) tubular: elongate
2.) coiled: winds
3.) alveolar: lobed

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26
Q

Merocrine glands secrete product via__________

A

exocytosis (vesicles within cytoplasm bring product to the surface)

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27
Q

what is an example of a merocrine gland?

A

salivary glands

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28
Q

describe apocrine glands and give an example

A

pinching off if a cell portion where the product is within this portion
an example is mammary glands

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29
Q

describe holocrine glands and give an example

A

product accumulates in cytosol; cell ruptures and becomes the product

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30
Q

Name 6 general traits of connective tissue

A
  1. ) most abundant
  2. ) multiple functions
  3. ) spread apart
  4. ) able to reproduce
  5. ) well nourished; good blood supply
  6. ) vary in structure
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31
Q

All connective tissue is derived from what cells?

A

mesenchymal cells

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32
Q

connective tissue is composed of 2 things. what are they?

A

extracellular matrix and cells that produce the matrix

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33
Q

give three characteristics of the extracellular matrix

A
  1. ) secreted by cells
  2. ) protein fibers
  3. ) ground substance (consistency varies from liquid to gel to solid)
34
Q

name some functions of connective tissue

A 
bind structures
support and protection
fill spaces
store fat
produce blood
repair damage
protect against infection
transport fluids and dissolved materials
35
Q

Connective Tissue Proper is connective tissue with cells and fibers in_______________________

A

gel like ground substance

36
Q

What are the three loose connective tissues?

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

37
Q

what are the three dense connective tissues?

A

regular, elastic, irregular

38
Q

For the major cell types of the CTP, what are the 5 fixed cell types?

A 
mesenchymal
fibroblasts (produce protein fibers)
fixed macrophages (white blood cells that consume damaged cells and invaders)
adipocytes (fat cells)
melanocytes (produce melanin)
39
Q

For the major cell types of the CTP, what are the 2 types of Wandering cells? briefly describe them

A

Free Macrophages: white blood cells consume damaged cells and invaders
Other White Blood Cells: secrete histamine; produce antibodies; consume damaged cells and invaders

40
Q

What are some characteristics of Collagen fibers?

Where are they found?

A
  • 25% of protein in your body
  • the collagen protein is arranged into thick fibers
  • tough, resistant to pull, yet pliable (strong, not stiff)
  • formed from the protein collagen
  • found in bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
41
Q

What are some characteristics of Elastic fibers?

Where are they found?

A
  • formed from the proteins elastin and fibrillin
  • smaller diameter fibers than collagen
  • rubbery, resilient
  • can stretch up to 150% of relaxed length and return to original shape
  • found in the lungs, blood vessels, skin
42
Q

what are reticular fibers formed of?
describe what they look like
where are they found?

A
  • formed from the protein collagen
  • thin, branched (network-like) fibers that form framework of organs
  • spleen, lympth nodes, basal lamina
43
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of Areolar CT?

A

structure: loosely arranged fibers, mast cells, macrophages, fibrocytes, adipocytes
function: hold skin to underlying organs; fill spaces between muscles
location: digestive, respiratory, and urinary tract; BV’s, nerves, joints, around and between skeletal and smooth muscle, hypodermis of skin

44
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of adipose CT?

A

Structure: mostly adipocytes
Function: cushions joints, insulation, store energy, support
Location: Hypodermis, between muscles, around kidney, behind eye, joints, abdominal membrane, surface of heart

45
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of reticular CT?

A

Structure: fibroblasts, reticular fibers in 3D web
Function: support tissue in walls of organs
Location: lymphoid organs, liver, and spleen

46
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of dense regular CT?

A

Structure: many collagen fibers densely packed, parallel, little open space
Function: reinforces structures in one direction
Location: tendons and ligaments

**almost all protein fibers
collagen is rope-like
tension in one direction

47
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of dense irregular CT?

A

Structure: same as regular except no pattern
Function: reinforces in several directions
Location: dermis, joint capsules, capsules of organs

**tension in many directions
located also in whites of eyes

48
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of elastic CT?

A

Structure: elastic fibers in parallel strands or branched networks; fibroblasts
Location: between vertebrae, walls of hollow organs
Functions: provide elasticity

(hollow organs=lungs, etc)

49
Q

What are the two types of Fluid Connective Tissue?

A

Blood and Lympth

50
Q

blood has a liquid matrix… what is this called?

A

the plasma

51
Q

What are the three blood cell types?

A

red blood cells (erythrocytes)
white blood cells (leukocytes)
cell fragments (platelets)

52
Q

what does blood do?

A

provide clotting, immune functions, carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

53
Q

What does Supporting Connective Tissue do?

What are two examples?

A

provide a framework that supports the rest of the body
examples: cartilage and bone

**bone is brittle but sturdy

54
Q

What makes up membranes?

A

epithelial and connective tissue

55
Q

what do membranes do?

A

form barriers

cover and protect

56
Q

What are four membrane types?

A

Mucous
Serous
Cutaneous
Synovial

57
Q

What do Mucous membranes do?

Where are they located?

A

line passageways open to exterior; it is a protective barrier out of cells (mucous) (goblet)
Located in respiratory passages, mouth, digestive tract

58
Q

mucous membranes contain________ tissue

A

areolar

59
Q

how many layers thick is the mucous membrane? is it alive or dead?

A

mostly if not totally alive and 1-5 layers thick depending on location

60
Q

What makes up the Serous membrane? what do they do?

A

simple squamous mesothelium; secretes watery fluid

*these membranes are not exposed to wear and tear and they are not exposed to food. the cells are very small and thin

61
Q

Where is the serous membrane located?

A

lining of pleural (lung) cavity, abdominopelvic cavity, scrotal cavity and pericardial cavity

62
Q

give 6 characteristics of the cutaneous membrane

A
  1. ) skin
  2. ) covers the body (always exposed to outside world)
  3. ) waterproof
  4. ) thick
  5. ) dry
  6. ) oily
63
Q

Are most of the cells in the cutaneous membrane alive or dead?

A

dead

64
Q

Where are Synovial Membranes located?

What do they produce and why?

A
  • located in joint cavities
  • produce synovial fluid to lubricate joints and promote smooth movement
  • made up of simple squamous cells
  • separates joint from the rest of the body
65
Q

Starting at the skin and working deeper into the body, what are the three fasciae?

A

superficial fascia
deep fascia
subserous fascia

66
Q

What type of tissue is the superficial fascia made up of?

A

areolar tissue and adipose tissue

67
Q

What are the two other names for the superficial fascia?

A

subcutaneous layers

hypodermis

68
Q

What makes up the deep fascia?

A

dense CT sheets

69
Q

what does the deep fascia do?

A

binds to tendons, capsules, and bones

70
Q

Where does the deep fascia lie?

A

between the superficial fascia and the muscle layer

71
Q

Where does the subserous fascia lie?

A

between the serous membranes and the deep fascia

72
Q

What makes up the subserous fascia?

What does it bind to?

A

areolar CT sheet

binds to serous membranes

73
Q

What are general characteristics of muscle tissue?

A

contractile
elastic
extensible
excitable

**create tension

74
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

75
Q

What is the structure, function and location of skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Structure: large, cylindrical muscle fibers, multinucleated, striated, has satellite cells
Function: voluntary control of skeleton, controls opening into digestive system, heat generation
Location: skeletal muscles (with connective/nervous tissue)

76
Q

What is the structure, function and location of cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Structure: unicellular branched cardiocytes, uninucleate, striated, involuntary
Function: Heartbeat
Location: Heart

**difficult for heart to not beat in single unit

77
Q

What is something similar between the cardiac muscle tissue and the skeletal muscle tissue? difference?

A

both have the same striation however muscle tissue is long strings of fibers and cardiac is webs with branches

78
Q

What is the structure, function, and location of smooth muscle tissue?

A

Structure: short, tapered cells, uninucleated, Non-striated, Involuntary, can divide and regenerate
Function: Involuntary control of respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems
Location: lines tracts, BVs, and hollow organs

79
Q

Which muscle tissues are really good at reproducing?

Which cannot reproduce?

A

Good= Smooth

Cannot=Skeletal

80
Q

Which muscle tissue makes up the majority of muscle mass?

A

Skeletal

81
Q

What are the two cell types of Nervous Tissue?

What do they do?

A

Neurons: transmit impulses for cell communication
Neuroglia: Support, nourish, and protect neurons

Anatomy (23 decks)

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