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Anatomy > Chapter 19: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general characteristics of the endocrine system? (3)

A

1.) Chronic regulation of homeostasis
-slow & prolonged responses
-acute = nervous system
2.) Interrelated with nervous system
(hypothalamus & posterior pituitary)
3.) Ductless system
-hormones produced by specialized cells
carried in blood stream

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2
Q

What are hormones?

A

-Substance synthesized by a specific organ or tissue & secreted
-Act on target cells
(have specific receptors for specific hormones)

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3
Q

if a hormone is secreted into extracellular spaces this called what signaling?

A

paracrine signaling

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4
Q

if the blood carries the hormone to other sites this is known as what?

A

endocrine signaling

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5
Q

for the chemistry of hormones, what are the four different categories? briefly describe each category

A
  1. ) Steroids
    - made from cholesterol, non-polar
  2. ) Peptides
    - polar
  3. ) Amines
    - derived from amino acids
    - polar & non-polar
  4. ) Eicosanoids
    - most are non-polar
    - paracrine signals (prostaglandins)
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6
Q

describe steroid hormones and give examples

A

Lipid soluble therefore can cross cell membrane
transduction –> regulation of DNA transcription

Examples:
estrogens like estradiol 
androgens like testosterone
aldosterone
cortisol
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7
Q

describe amine hormones

what are the most important ones made by?

A 
Derived from either tyrosine or tryptophan
Some are membrane soluble (thyroxine) 
Some are not (epinephrine)
Most important ones are made by:
-thyroid
-adrenal medulla
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8
Q

describe peptide hormones

A

short chains of amino acids
cannot cross cell membrane
all pituitary hormones

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9
Q

describe Eicosanoid hormones

A

derived from fatty acids
most cross cell membranes
coordinate functions in extracellular fluid
e.g. prostaglandins

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10
Q

describe negative feedback (4)

A
  • gland is sensitive to concentration of substance
  • concentration exceeds limits –> prevents gland from secreting hormone
  • concentration decreases –> secretion increases
  • results in relatively stable concentration of both substance & hormone
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11
Q

the hypothalamus sends signals to the…..

A

pituitary gland

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12
Q

true or false: the pituitary is the MOST important endocrine gland for regulation.

A

true

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13
Q

describe the two lobes of the pituitary gland

A

Posterior Lobe:

  • does not make any hormones
  • mostly hypothalamic axons

Anterior Lobe:
-5 types of endocrine cells
-controlled by hypothalamic regulatory hormones
(releasing hormones/inhibiting hormones)

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14
Q

what are two posterior pituitary hormones?

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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15
Q

who three things does oxytocin cause and what is it significant in?

A

-causes contraction of muscles in uterine walls
-causes muscles associated with milk ejection to contract
-cause contraction of prostate gland
-Significant in emotional bonding
Familial
Romantic

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16
Q

what does ADH do?

A

causes kidney to decrease water excretion

increases blood volume –> rise in BP

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17
Q

what are the 7 anterior pituitary hormones?

A
  1. ) Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
  2. ) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  3. ) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  4. ) Growth Hormone (GH)
  5. ) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  6. ) Prolactin (PRL)
  7. ) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
18
Q

the thyroid gland consists of what 2 things and lies inferior to what?

A

2 lobes + isthmus

inferior to larynx

19
Q

the thyroid gland has two types of cells. What are they and describe them

A

Follicular cells

  • line follicle cavities
  • filled with thyroglogulin colloid
  • remove Iodine from blood
  • secrete T3 and T4

Parafollicular cells
-produce calcitonin

20
Q

Follicular cells secrete 2 hormones. What are they? describe them

A 
-Thyroxine (T4)
↑ glycogenolysis
↑ protein synthesis
↑ growth
-Triiodothyronine (T3)
same as T4 but 5x’s more potent
21
Q

Parafollicular cells secrete 1 hormone. What is it? describe it

A

Calcitonin
↓ blood Ca+2 & PO4
↑ renal excretion
↑ osteoblast activity

22
Q

describe the parathyroid glands

A

Posterior surface of thyroid
many tightly packed secretory cells
oxyphil & transitional cells = immature
chief cells = produce parathyroid hormone

23
Q

what does the parathyroid hormone do?

A

↑ blood Ca+2
↓ renal Ca+2 & PO4 excretion
↑ osteoclast activity
↑ calcitriol = intestinal Ca+2 absorption

24
Q

slide 21

A

fun stuff

25
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

Thoracic cavity, posterior to sternum

26
Q

What does the Thymus produce? describe it

A

produces thymosin

  • enhances lymphocyte production & competence
  • most active in infancy & childhood
27
Q

what two parts are associated with the adrenal glands?

A

adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

28
Q

what are the three zones in the adrenal cortex? what do they produce?

A 
1.) Glomerulosa
aldosterone --> Na+ retention
Fasciculata
cortisol --> glycogen formation
3.) Reticularis
androgens --> secondary sexual characters
29
Q

what is located in the adrenal medulla? what are they and what do they produce?

A
  • chromaffin cells which are modified postganglionic cells of the SNS
  • epinephrine & norepinephrine
30
Q

what are the three hormones in the kidneys? describe them

A 
Renin
-start cascade to increase blood pressure
Erythropoietin (EPO)
-erythrocyte production
Calcitriol
-increases absorption of digested Ca+2
31
Q

What is the hormone in the heart? describe it

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

  • suppresses aldosterone & ADH
  • decrease blood volume & blood pressure
32
Q

where is the pancreas located?

A

posterior to stomach and attached to the duodenum of stomach

33
Q

the group of pancreatic cells that secrete hormones (have the endocrine function in the pancreas) are called what?

A

Islets of Langerhans

34
Q

What are the three different Islets of Langerhan cells? what hormone does each produce?

A
  1. ) Alpha cells
    - glucagon- increases blood sugar
  2. ) Beta cells
    - insulin- decreases blood sugar
  3. ) Delta cells
    - somatostatin- inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion
    - antagonizes GH
35
Q

the male gonads are made up of what two cells?

A

interstitial cells and Nurse (sertoli) cells

36
Q

what do interstitial cells secrete?

A

-androgens
-testosterone
Stimulate nurse cells
secondary sex characteristics

37
Q

what do nurse cells secrete?

A

secrete inhibin

  • ↓ FSH from anterior pituitary
  • Stimulate spermatogenesis
38
Q

slide 28

A

weird wording with stuff just look at it

39
Q

in the pineal gland there are _______ in _________ that produce _________ which is responsible for what?

A

pineacytes; epithalamus;
Melatonin
-circadian rhythms
-puberty (?)

40
Q

slide 30

A

last slide ayyy

Anatomy (23 decks)

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