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Anatomy > Chapter 4: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two components if the integumentary system?

A
  1. ) Cutaneous Membrane

2. ) Accessory Structures

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2
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A
  1. ) protects deeper tissues (see slide for all)
  2. ) aids in heat regulation
  3. ) aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
  4. ) Synthesizes vitamin D
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3
Q

What are 4 epidermis characteristics?

A
  1. ) Stratified squamous epithelium
  2. ) Lacks blood vessels but can divide
  3. ) As new cells grow, push older ones to surface
  4. ) Outer most layer is dead
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4
Q

What are the 4 Epidermal cell types?

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhan cells
Merkel cells

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5
Q

What do Keratinocytes do? What percent of epidermal cells are keratinocytes?

A

produce keratin and provide protection

90%

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6
Q

Where do langerhan cells come from? what system are they in?

A

bone marrow; immune system

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7
Q

what do merkel cells do?

A

form touch receptors with sensory neuron

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8
Q

_______ cells divide to produce _________ at the __________

A

stem; keratinocytes; basal lamina

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9
Q

As Keratinocytes are pushed up towards to surface they…… (2 things)

A
  • fill with keratin and oils

- slowly die

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10
Q

How long is a keratinocytes journey?

A

4 weeks unless outer layers removed by abrasion

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11
Q

What are the five layers of epidermis?

A
  1. ) stratum germinativum
  2. ) stratum spinosum
  3. ) stratum granulosum
  4. ) stratum lucidum
  5. ) stratum corneum
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12
Q

what layer of cells is the stratum germinativum?
what cells make up this stratum?
what do they attach to and by what?

A
  • Deepest single layer of cells
  • Combination of merkel cells, melanocytes, keratinocytes, and stem cells that divide repeatedly
  • cells attached to each other and to basal lamina by desmosomes and hemidesmosomes
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13
Q

What two layers does the stratum germinativum connect?

A

dermis and epidermis

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14
Q

How many cell layers thick is the stratum spinosum?

A

8-10

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15
Q

What happens in the stratum spinosum?

A

melanin taken in by phagocytes from nearby melanocytes. During slide preparation, cells shrink and look spiny

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16
Q

How many layers thick is the stratum granulosum?

are these cells dead or alive

A

3-5 layers of flat dying cells

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17
Q

What does the stratum granulosum contain and why is this important?

A

It contains dark-staining keratohyalin granules. This is important because these granules release lipid that repels water. It makes the cells oily so water can’t come in or out

**so skin can’t go bad (butter analogy)

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18
Q

Where is the stratum lucidum located?

How many layers of cells?

A

seen in thick skin on palms and soles of feet only

3-5 layers of clear, flat, dead cells

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19
Q

How many layers thick is the stratum corneum? describe the cells in these layers

A

25-30 layers of flat dead cells filled with keratin and surrounded by lipids

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the stratum corneum?

A

barrier to light, heat, water, chemicals, and bacteria (protection)

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21
Q

friction of the stratum corneum stimulates ________ formation

A

callus

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22
Q

give 3 characteristics of thick skin?

A
  • palmer and planter surface
  • about 30 layers of stratum corneum
  • all 5 layers
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23
Q

give 3 characteristics of thin skin

A
  • rest of body surfaces
  • fewer layers of stratum corneum
  • no stratum lucidum
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24
Q

what is another name for fingerprints?

A

epidermal ridges

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25
Q

what stratum forms these ridges that extend into the dermis?

A

germinativum

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26
Q

Why are epidermal ridges important?

A

they increase the surface area and friction therefore increasing the grip in hands and also in feet

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27
Q

melanocytes release vesicles called ___________ into keratinocytes

A

melanosomes

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28
Q

True or False:

Everyone has a similar number of melanocytes

A

true

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29
Q

the amount of pigment produces by melanocytes is determined by 2 factors……

A
  1. ) genetic control

2. ) respond to melanocyte stimulating hormone

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30
Q

What increases melanin production?

A

UV light

31
Q

a little UV converts a steroid precursor in the skin into what?
too much UV can do what?

A
  • vitamin D

- too much can damage chromosomes and cause 1st degree burns

32
Q

Melanin production in people is directly correlated to……

A

latitude where the population is indigenous

33
Q

Melanocytes convert ______ to melanin

A

tyrosine

34
Q

Black or brown melanin is called what?

Red-brown melanin is called what?

A

eumelanin

pheomelanin

35
Q

describe Carotene

A
  • yellow-orange pigment (precursor of vitamin A)

- found in stratum corneum and subcutaneous

36
Q

describe hemoglobin

A

red, oxygen carrying pigment in blood cells

-if other pigments are not present, epidermis is translucent so pinkness will be evident

37
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer and Reticular layer

38
Q

what three things make up the papillary layer?

A

areolar connective tissue
capillaries and neurons
dermal papillae

39
Q

describe the reticular layer of the dermis

A
  • anchoring layer
  • large vessels, nerves, adipocytes, arrector pili muscle
  • dense irregular CT
    (collagen: strength
    elastic: strength, flexibility)
40
Q

What is the cutaneous plexus and where is it located?

A
  • network of arteries and veins supplying skin with blood

- located in subcutaneous layer

41
Q

What does the papillary plexus do? where is it located?

A
  • helps nourish epidermal layer

- follows epidermal/dermal boundry

42
Q

Lines of Cleavage

A

look at slides

43
Q

What connective tissues and fibers are located in the hypodermis?

A

CT: areolar, adipose
Fibers: collagen, elastic

44
Q

True or False:

the hypodermis is a bad insulator

A

false;

adipose acts as a good layer (layer of fat)

45
Q

What else is located in the hypodermis?

A

major blood vessels and nerves

46
Q

what does the hypodermis do?

A

stabilizes the skin

47
Q

hair is located on most surfaces except….

A

plantar/palmer
parts of digits
lips
eyelids (except eyelashes)

48
Q

What are the three types of hair?

A

Vellus: “peach fuzz”
Terminal: thicker with darker pigment
Intermediate: arms

49
Q

The part of the hair that you can see is called the….?

A

shaft

50
Q

the base of the hair follicle is the….?

A

bulb

51
Q

the _______ part of the hair penetrates into the dermis

what surrounds this part?

A

root

hair follicle

52
Q

each individual hair consists of 3 things:

A

cuticle
cortex
medulla

53
Q

what are the functions of hair?

A

protection
reduction of heat loss (more accessory)
sensing light touch

54
Q

What is the purpose of the Root hair plexus?

A

has sensory nerves surrounding the follicle that detect hair movement

55
Q

what is the Arrector Pili?

A

smooth muscle that moves hair (goosebumps)

56
Q

What are the 3 stages of hair growth? describe them

A

Anagen: may last up to 6 years depending on the body part; matrix cells at base of hair root producing length
Catagen: lasts up to 2 weeks; matrix cells inactive and follicle atrophies (no growth)
Telogen: hair follicle remains dorment; hair is eventually pushed out by new hair as cycle renews

57
Q

hair color is the result of________

A

melanin produced in melanocytes in hair blub

58
Q 
what kind of melanin is located in these hair colors:
Brown/Black
Blonde
Red
Gray
A

Brown/Black: large amounts of eumelanin
Blonde: little eumelanin
Red: high relative pheomelanin
Gray: decline in all melanin production

59
Q

What are the 4 specialized exocrine glands found in the dermis?

A

sebaceous (oil) glands
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Ceruminous (wax) glands
Mammary (milk) glands

60
Q

What does sebacous glands secrete?
how do these secrete this?
what does this secretion do?

A

sebum
holocrine secretion
decreases evaporation and bacterial growth

61
Q

where is sebum released if there is hair?

what if there is no hair?

A

hair: released into the follicle

no hair: secreted onto epidermis

62
Q

What are sudoriferous glands?

A

sweat glands that are coiled tubular glands

63
Q

what are the two types of sudoriferous glands?

A

merocrine and apocrine

64
Q

describe merocrine sweat glands

A
  • Use merocrine system of exocrine secretion
  • on most body surfaces (greatest on palms)
  • not associated with hair follicle
  • watery secretion called sensible perspiration made of water, urea, and NaCl
  • function: cooling, excretion, protection
65
Q

describe apocrine sweat glands

A
  • use the merocrine system of exocrine secretion
  • associated with hair follicle
  • located in axillae, areolae, groin
  • produces viscous secretion starting at puberty
  • Functions: reduce friction, cooling, secrete pheromones
66
Q

What are 2 modified apocrine glands?

A

Mammary (lactiferous) for milk production

Ceruminous in external ear (secretion mixes with sebu to create ear wax)

67
Q

What are the 4 different parts of the nail

A
  • nail body: keratinized, plate-like structure
  • nail bed: surface of skin that covers nail body
  • nail root: source of nail production
  • lunula: whitish, half-moon region at base of nail plate due to obscured blood vessels
68
Q

What is the purpose of having nails?

A

to scratch
manipulate environment
protect hand/feet
to counteract pressure put on connective tissue

69
Q

What are burns?

A

tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals

70
Q

what are three associated dangers with burns?

A

dehydration
electrolyte imbalance
circulatory shock

71
Q

describe the three types of burns

A

1st: skin red and swollen, only epidermis damaged
2nd: skin red with blisters; epidermis and upper dermis damaged
3rd: gray-white or black; destroys entire layer (no skin)

72
Q

what percent of your body must have 3rd degree burns to kill you?
what about 2nd?

A

10%+ for 3rd degree

25%+ for 2nd

73
Q

what are characteristic effects of aging?

A 
less hair
reduced blood supply
dermis tends to thin
drying of epidermis
fewer melanocytes

Anatomy (23 decks)

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