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Anatomy > Chapter 13: Neural Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Neural Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two communication systems in neural tissue?

A

nervous system and endocrine system

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2
Q

What does the nervous system do? How does it accomplish this?

A

coordinate all body systems
-accomplished by the transmission of signals
(body parts to the central nervous system)
(central nervous system to the body parts.)

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3
Q

what kind of signaling does the nervous system use?

A

electrochemical signaling

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4
Q

the endocrine system is a (slower/faster) scale than the nervous system. What chemicals in the bloodstream does it use?

A

slower; hormones

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5
Q

what is in the general make up of the nervous system?

A

Connective tissues
Blood vessels
Neurons
Neuroglia

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6
Q

what are the two divisions of the nervous system? What makes up each?

A

Central nervous system (CNS)
-brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
-cranial and spinal nerves

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7
Q

describe the CNS (5 things)

A
  • Brain and spinal cord
  • Covered by meninges
  • Starts as a hollow tube
  • Bathed in cerebrospinal fluid
  • Integration center
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8
Q

describe the PNS (3 things)

A
  • consists of cranial and spinal nerves that contain both sensory and motor fibers
  • connects CNS to muscles, glands & all sensory receptors
  • Brings info to and from the CNS
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9
Q

What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system? what are they responsible for?

A

Afferent Division = sensory

Efferent Division = motor

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10
Q

the efferent division can be broken down into two divisions. What are they?

A 
Somatic Division (conscious)
Autonomic Division (unconscious)
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11
Q

What are 5 general functions of the nervous system?

A 
Receptors-detect stimuli
Sensory-afferent PNS
Integrative-CNS
Motor-efferent PNS
Effector-muscle/gland
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12
Q

describe neurons

A

structural & functional units
Excitable
Amitotic

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13
Q

describe neuroglial

A

accessory cells

act like connective tissue

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14
Q

what are the three major structures of a neuron?

A

soma dendrite axon

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15
Q

what is the soma?

A

cell body (mononucelate)

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16
Q

what does the soma consist of? describe *4 things

A

Nissl Bodies: ribosomes clusters; give gray color
Axon Hillock: connects soma to axon
Perikaryon: region around the nucleus
Neurofibrils: cytoskeleton that extend into dentrites/axons; gives shape

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17
Q

what do dendrites do?

A

respond to neurotransmitters

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18
Q

are dendrites myelinated?

A

no

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19
Q

do dendrites conduct impulses away or towards the cell body?

A

towards

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20
Q

how many axons are there per cell?

A

1

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21
Q

do axons conduct impulses away or towards the cell body?

A

away

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22
Q

axons can give off what?

A

collaterals

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23
Q

many axons are wrapped in a what?

describe what this is

A

Myelin Sheath: glial cells wrapped around the axon

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24
Q

what is located at the end of an axon?

A

synaptic terminals

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25
Q

axons produce what?

A

neurotransmitters

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26
Q

slide 15

A

does the axon or neurotransmitter contact muscle fibers, glands, and/or other neurons?

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27
Q

what is another name for axonal transport?

what is this?

A

Axoplasmic flow

Movement of cellular materials (not signals) through the axon

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28
Q

What are the two types of axonal transport?

describe them

A

Anterograde
-away from soma; neurotransmitters, organelles, nutrients
Retrograde
-toward soma; degraded materials to be recycled & extracellular substances

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29
Q

What is the axoplasma?

A

cytoplasm of axon

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30
Q

what does the axoplasma consist of?

A 
Few organelles
Cytoskeletal proteins
-Form cytoskeleton
-Maintain shape
-Generate axonal transport
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31
Q

what is the axolemma?

A

plasma membrane of an axon

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32
Q

what does the axolemma consist of?

describe them briefly

A

Collaterals: side branches
Telodendria: terminal extensions
Synaptic terminal: contains synaptic vesicles; where neuron contacts postsynaptic cell

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33
Q

The structural classification of neurons is based on the number and morphology of_________

A

dendrites

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34
Q

what are the four structural classifications of neurons?

A

Anaxonic
Bipolar
Unipolar
Multipolar

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35
Q

describe anaxonic structure

A

-Small neurons
-Axons can not be distinguished from dendrites
(CNS, especially interneurons that coordinate special senses)

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36
Q

describe bipolar structure

A

Several small dendrites converge onto one
Dendrite & axon separated by soma
Unmyelinated
(Sensory neurons of special sensory organs)

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37
Q

describe unipolar structure

A 
Also know as pseudo-unipolar
Several small dendrites converge onto one large one
Dendrite & axon continuous
Usually myelinated
(Majority of sensory neurons in PNS)
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38
Q

describe multipolar structure

A 
Many dendrites extend from soma
Long axon
Myelinated
Majority of motor neurons in PNS
Spinal interneurons in CNS
39
Q

afferent neurons have ______ function

A

sensory

40
Q

describe afferent neurons

cell body location, where impulses are carried to, etc

A

Cell body usually are outside CNS
Have receptor ends on dendrites or are associated with receptor cells in sense organs
Carry impulses from peripheral body parts to brain or spinal cord

41
Q

afferent neurons have three receptors. What are they?

A

exteroceptor
Proprioceptors
Interoceptors:

42
Q

What are Exteroceptors responsible for?

A

touch, light, temperature, pressure, chemicals

43
Q

what do proprioceptors do?

A

monitor muscle and skeleton position

44
Q

what do interoceptors do?

A

monitor internal systems (digestion, respiration, urinary, etc.)

45
Q

describe interneurons

A 
Only in CNS
Classified based on effects 
-Excitatory
-Inhibitory
Most abundant
-Link 2 or more neurons
46
Q

efferent neurons have ____ function

A

motor

47
Q

for efferent neurons where are the cell bodies normally located? where do they carry impulses?

A

Cell body usually are inside CNS

Carry impulses from the brain or spinal cord to peripheral body parts

48
Q

what is the difference between somatic and autonomic efferent neurons?

A

somatic controls skeletal muscle and autonomic controls smooth muscles/glands

49
Q

what are the 2 neuroglial cells in the PNS?

A

Satellite and Schwann

50
Q

what are the 4 neuroglial cells in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia

51
Q

describe astrocytes

A

the largest and most common neuroglial cell it is star shaped

52
Q

what are the functions of astrocytes ?

A 
Structure and repair
Metabolism
Regulate ions and nutrition
Guide neurons to targets
Form blood-brain barrier
53
Q

Oligodendrocytes are like ______ but smaller

What are there 2 functions?

A

Like astrocytes but smaller
Functions:
Form myelin in CNS
Sequester debris

54
Q

describe microglia and their functions

A 
Smallest & least common
Derived from myeloid cells
Functions:
Help support neurons
Phagocytosis
Increase in number during injury or disease
55
Q

describe ependymal and their functions

A 
Columnar/cuboidal
Microvilli on luminal surface
Joined by gap junctions
Functions:
Help produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Form porous layer
Monitor CSF composition
56
Q

describe satellite cells

A

Associated with soma
Assist with exchange of nutrients
Isolates neuron from extraneous stimuli

57
Q

what do schwann cells do and what are their functions?

A 
Produce myelin in PNS
Encloses axons of longer peripheral nerves
Functions:
Support neurons
Prevent contact
Myelinate large PNS axons
58
Q

compare and contrast myelinated and unmyelinated axons

A

Myelinated
-appear white
-CNS; Oligodendrocytes myelinate part of several axons
-PNS; Schwann cell myelinates part of one axon
Unmyelinated
-appear gray
-Many axons associate with a single Schwann cell
(Note: rarely are PNS axons without ANY covering)
CNS; no glial cells

59
Q

what is the myelin?

A

plasma membrane of Schwann cell wrapped around axon

60
Q

what is the Neurilemma?

A

part of Schwann cell that contains cytoplasm

61
Q

gaps in the myelin sheath are called what?

A

nodes of Ranvier

62
Q

the myelination process starts at week______ and ends at year ______-______

A

14; 2-3

63
Q

what is the function of myelin?

A

increase rate of action potential and isolate axons

64
Q

describe regeneration of nerve fibers

A

:)

slides 40-44

65
Q

how is the repair in the CNS different than the repair in the PNS?

A

More limited
Degeneration occurs after injury
Oligodendrocytes do not proliferate
Proximal end sprouts but has no tube to follow
Astrocytes produce scar tissue and chemicals blocking regrowth

66
Q

what is irritability?

A

ability to respond to stimuli

67
Q

what is excitability ?

A

ability to transmit an impulse

68
Q

what is an action potential?

A

an electrical impulse changing the permeability of a membrane

69
Q

what is a nerve impulse?

A

action potential moving down an axon

70
Q

impulses travel faster when….

A

axon is myelinated

larger diameter

71
Q

Synapses are a site of communication between …

A

Sensory structure and neuron
Neuron & effector
2 neurons
Any two cells with gap junctions

72
Q

what are the two types of synapses?

A

electrical and chemical

73
Q

describe an electrical synapse and give an example

A

Gap junctions cause the exchange of charged ions between two cells
Ex. Intercalated disks in cardiac muscle

74
Q

describe a chemical synapse and give an example

A

Chemicals are release by one cell and travel to another
Ex. Neuro-muscular junction
Ex. Neuron-neuron contact

75
Q

______ house neurotransmitter

A

Synaptic vesicles

76
Q

chemical synapses only exist in the ________

A

presynaptic cell

77
Q

chemical synapses release neurotransmitter into the….

A

synaptic cleft

78
Q

Receptors on ____________ register the neurotransmitter

A

post-synaptic membrane

79
Q

true or false: chemical synapses communicate in only 1 direction

A

true

only axons have synaptic vesicles

80
Q

what are the steps that occur at a chemical synapse?

A

slides 51-52

81
Q

neuronal pools receive impulses from ________. These impulses are carried away on______

A 
afferent fibers (input)
efferent fibers (output)
82
Q

what are the five types of neuronal pools?

A 
Convergence
Divergence
Serial processing
Parallel processing
Reverberation
83
Q

serial processing is….

A

one neuron to another in series

84
Q

describe Divergence

A
  • When impulse leaves a pool, it may spread into several output fibers
  • Allows impulse to be amplified
85
Q

describe Convergence

A
  • Single nerve in pool may receive impulses from 2 or more incoming fibers
  • If lead to same nerve; they are said to converge
  • Allows summation of impulses from different sources
86
Q

parallel processing….

A

processes information from several neurons at once

87
Q

In Reverberation…

A

positive feedback continues activity of circuit

88
Q

One neuron may receive either ________ & _______ stimuli from multiple neurons. The net effect of all this input results in a _________. If this charge is positive enough it will result in an _______.

A

excitatory, inhibitory, net charge, action potential

89
Q

The point where an action potential can be produced is known as the what?

A

threshold

90
Q

If a neuron is excited, but still below threshold…….

A

no impulse, but nerve is more excitable to next impulse. The nerve is said to be facilitated

91
Q

this whole system of facilitation allows for the (multiple/singular) source/s to manage the nervous system

A

multiple (slide 60)

92
Q

What three structures are found in the CNS? briefly describe what they are

A

Nuclei: collection of neuron cell bodies
Center: collection of neuron cell bodies working together
Tracts: bundles of axons

93
Q

What two structures are found in the PNS? briefly describe what they are

A

Ganglia: collection of neuron cell bodies
Nerves: bundles of axons

Anatomy (23 decks)

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