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Anatomy > Chapter 5: skeletal system > Flashcards

Chapter 5: skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the body?

A

206

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2
Q

There are 2 division to the skeletal system. What are they? briefly describe them

A

axial: head and center of body
appendicular: movement (limbs and pelvis)

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3
Q

What are the two types of bone tissue?

A

compact: dense smooth bone
spongy: bone with open spaces within

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4
Q

What are the four components of the skeletal system?

A

bone
cartilage
ligaments
tendons

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5
Q

What are the five functions of the skeletal system?

A 
Protection
Support (rigid structure)
Movement (bones act as levers)
Storage (Ca, P, and fat)
Blood cell production
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6
Q

cartilage consists of what two things?

A

cells and an extracellular matrix

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7
Q

what cells are found in cartilage and where are they located?

A

Chondrocytes and they are found in compartments called lacunae

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8
Q

what are the two components to the extracellular matrix of cartilage?

A

Collagen/elastic fibers and a ground substance made of chondrotin sulfates

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9
Q

does cartilage have arteries, veins, or lymphocytes? what does this mean?

A

no; it means it heals slowly

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10
Q

what are the three types of cartilage?

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

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11
Q

describe hyaline cartilage and give its structure and location

A

Most common but weakest
Structure: chondrocytes, chondrotin sulfate, some collagen
Location: embryonic skeleton, articular surfaces, respiratory passages, nasal septum, between ribs and sternum

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12
Q

Give the structure and location of elastic cartilage

A

Structure: chondrocytes, chondrotin sulfate, densely packed elastic fibers
Location: auricle, tip and lateral walls of nose, epiglottis
-flexible

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13
Q

Give the structure and location of fibrocartilage

A

Structure: chondrocytes, chondrotin sulfate, densely packed collagen fibers
Location: intervertebral discs, public symphysis, articular cartilage in knee

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14
Q

describe the perichondrium

A

fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage, It provides support and protection and new chondrocytes

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15
Q

where is the perichondrium located?

absent?

A

Located: hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage
Absent: articular surface and fibrocartilage

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16
Q

describe the inner and outer layers of the perichondrium

A

inner: for growth and maintenance
outer: binds cartilage to adjacent tissues; provides protection and support

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17
Q

describe appositional growth

A
  • starts in the perichondrium
  • Mesenchymal (stem) cells at periphery form in inner layer of perichondrium
  • Mesenchyme move toward matrix to become chondrogenic cells
  • Chondrogenic cells aggregate and become chondroblasts
  • Chondroblasts secrete matrix –> forces cells apart
  • Chondroblasts become enclosed in matrix and become chondrocytes
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18
Q

describe interstitial growth

A
  • Chondrocytes are enclosed in matrix and divide
  • As they move apart, matrix forms between them
  • Growth of cartilage from within
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19
Q

what are three general traits of osseous tissue?

A
  • supportive connective tissue
  • contains specialized cells
  • solid extracelliular matrix
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20
Q

what is found in the solid extracellular matrix of osseous tissue?

A

osteoid: organic portion, protein fibers

ground substance: Ca salts water

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21
Q

What do Osteoprogenitor cells do?

A

play role in initial bone growth and fracture repair

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22
Q

describe osteoblasts

A
  • derived from osteogenic cells
  • secrete osteoid
  • common in growing bone
  • Predecessor to osteocytes
  • Increased osteoblast activity = stronger bone
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23
Q

describe osteocytes

A
  • mature cells
  • exist within matrix
  • maintain Ca and PO4 homeostasis
  • found in spaces called lacunae
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24
Q

describe osteoclasts

A

involved in osteolysis
Break down of bone
Increase osteoclast activity  weaker bone
Very large
Formed from the fusion of many white blood stem cell

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25
Q

look at slide 20

A

:)

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26
Q

Compact bone is arranged in______

Spongy bone is arranged in______

A

osteons

trabeculae

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27
Q

Osteocytes communicate through _______ that radiate outward and connect one cell to the next cell

A

canaliculi

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28
Q

what are osteons?

A

units of compact bone

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29
Q

___________ of matrix surrounding a ______________

A

concentric lamellae; central (Haversian) canal

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30
Q

do osteons contain blood vessels and nerves?

A

yes

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31
Q

Osteons connected to each other by

A

perforating canals

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32
Q

what are three characteristics of lamellae?

A

Concentric
Interstitial
Circumferential
**look at slide 24

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33
Q

What does spongy bone contain?

what does it not contain?

A 
contains: 
Trabeculae
osteocytes in lacunae
canaliculi 
matrix
does not contain:
osteons
central canal
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34
Q

what is trabeculae?

A

Latticework of thin plates of bone oriented along lines of stress

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35
Q

the spaces in trabeculae are filled with what?

A

red marrow (where blood cells develop

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36
Q

where is trabeculae found?

A

Found in ends of long bones and inside flat bones.

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37
Q

what does trabeculae do?

A

Lightens the bone, allows for movement

38
Q

what does the periosteum do?

A

it encloses bone

39
Q

where is the periosteum absent?

A

Absent at site of attachment of muscles, tendons & ligaments; surfaces covered by articular cartilage

40
Q

the periosteum has two layers, an inner and an outer layer. What does each layer do?

A

Outer fibrous: gives rise to collagen

Inner: for growth or new cells & maintenance

41
Q

describe the edosteum. what cells are located here?

A

1 cell layer
Covers surfaces of spongy bone & medullary cavity
Cell types: Osteogenic, Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts

42
Q

for long bones the shaft is known as the…

A

diaphysis

43
Q

for long bones the epiphysis is …

A

one end of a long bone

44
Q

for long bones the growth plate region is known as the what?

A

metaphysis

45
Q

for long bones the articular cartilage is located….

A

over the joint surfaces…acts as friction and shock absorder

46
Q

for long bones the medullary cavity is the…..

A

marrow cavity

47
Q

describe yellow marrow

A

Areolar and adipose CT
In medullary cavity of long bones
Energy storage
Absent in infants

48
Q

describe red marrow

where is it located?

A 
Areolar and myeloid tissue
Produces all types of blood cells
Locations:
Medullary cavities of infants
Spongy bone in adults
49
Q

what are some of the arteries in the bone?

A

periosteal arteries
nutrient arteries
Metaphyseal & epiphyseal arteris

50
Q

what do the periosteal arteries do?

A

supply the periosteum

51
Q

where do the nutrient arteries enter the bone? what do they do?

A

enter through nutrient foramen

supplies compact bone of diaphysis & yellow marrow

52
Q

what do the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries do?

A

supply red marrow & bone tissue of epiphyses and metaphyses

53
Q

true or false:

ALL the arteries described that are located in bone have corresponding veins

A

true

54
Q

what is ossification?

A

replacing CT with bone

55
Q

what is Intramembranous ossification?

A

mesenchymal cells–>spongy bone

56
Q

what is Endochondral ossification?

A

hyaline cartilage ->spongy bone

57
Q

when does Intramembranous Ossification begin?

end?

A

week 8 in the embryo and ends in week 15

58
Q

what does intramembranous ossification form?

A 
Cranial flat bones
Facial bones
Dentary bones
Clavicle
Sesmoid bones
59
Q

what is the Primary ossification center?

A

location where bone growth begins

60
Q

what is important about intramembranous ossification?

A
  • Mesenchymal cells arrange around BVs
  • bone morphogenic proteins released
  • mesenchymal cells become recruited, divide, and differentiate into osteoblasts
61
Q

in intramembranous ossification, osteoblasts secrete…..

A

osteoid

62
Q

when osteoblasts become isolated in intramembranous ossification they become what? what do they do?

A

osteocytes

Produce spicules of bone that interconnect

63
Q

Look at slide 36

A

:)

64
Q

what replaces what in Endochondral Ossification

A

bone replaces the cartilage model

65
Q

when does Endochondral Ossification begin? end?

A

begins at week 7 in the embryo and lasts until adulthood

66
Q

what does endochondral ossification form?

A

Long bones
Most short bones
Non-cranial irregular & flat bones
Middle ear ossicles

67
Q

describe what happens in endochondral ossification

A
68
Q

where does bone growth elongation occur?

A

Occurs at epiphyseal plate

69
Q

when does growth in length end?

A

Growth in length continues until 2 ossification centers meet

70
Q

Relative thickness of epiphyseal plate (does/does not) change until growth almost complete; then:

A

does not; cartilage depleted & epiphyseal plate narrows to epiphyseal line

71
Q

describe appositional bone growth

A
  • Compact bone deposited beneath periostium
  • Bone thickens
  • Bone remodeling occurs throughout life due to osteoclasts & osteoblasts
72
Q

does bone remodeling ever end? explain

A

bone modeling never ends, it is ongoing since osteoclasts carve out small tunnels and osteoblasts rebuild osteons. this means there is continual redistribution of bone matrix along lines of mechanical stress

73
Q

_____% of compact bone, ___% of spongy bone remodeled per year

A

4%=compact

20%=spongy

74
Q

distal femur is fully remodeled every __ months

A

4

75
Q

what are the two types of breaks? describe them

A

Simple: break that does not penetrate skin
Compound: broken bone penetrates through skin

76
Q

how are fractures treated?

A

reduction & immobilization

77
Q

what are the four steps in bone repair?

A

fracture hematoma
fibrocartilage callus
Bony callus
Remodel tissue

78
Q

within hours of an injury, a ________ forms

what is this and why does this happen?

A
  • fracture hematoma
  • it is a mass of blood
  • Swelling and inflammation occur in response to dead bone cells
79
Q

in a fracture hematoma, _________ and ______ eliminate dead cells/broken matrix

A

phagocytes and osteoclasts

80
Q

A fibrocartilaginous callus consists of …..

A

a mass bridging the broken ends of the bone.

81
Q

what do fibroblasts in the perisoteum produce?

A

collagen

82
Q

in Fibrocartilaginous callus formation, _________ cells differentiate into _______ cells. This results in______

A

periosteum, chondrocytes, fibrocartilage

83
Q

the formation of the bony callus occurs as the ________________is converted to _________________

A

fibrocartilaginous callus, spongy bone trabeculae.

84
Q

The bony callus lasts about how long?

A

3-4 months

85
Q

what happens in bone remodeling?

A

Remaining dead bone fragments are resorbed, and compact bone replaces spongy bone

86
Q

if a bone fracture heals properly, can you tell later?

A

nope its virtually undetectable!

87
Q

what are four factors that effect the growth and repair of bones?

A

Nutrition: Vit. D
Sunlight
Hormones: PTH, calcitonin, GH, thyroid hormone, sex hormones
Physical stress

88
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

abnormal reduction of bone mass

89
Q

what are reasons for osteoporosis?

A

Loss of estrogen at menopause
Deficiency of minerals in youth
Imbalance in activity between osteoblasts & osteoclasts

90
Q

describe Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva

A

Fibrous tissue becomes ossified
Genetic disorder
Injury results in inappropriate bone formation
Early adulthood: “freezing” of major joints
Early 20’s: confined to wheelchair
Starvation & pneumonia can result
No treatment

Anatomy (23 decks)

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