Chapter 20: Blood Flashcards
how much blood is in the average human body?
5 L
What is blood?
what makes this up?
a connective tissue
cells which are also known as formed elements
matrix = plasma
what are the two basic functions of blood?
- ) Transport materials
- Nutrients, oxygen
- Metabolic wastes
- Specialized cells that defend tissues - ) Help maintain stable cellular environment
blood plasma is ___% of blood volume
55
what are the 3 functions of blood plasma?
Transport nutrients, gases & vitamins
Regulate fluid & electrolytes
Maintain pH
what is blood plasma composed of?
Water: 92%
Proteins: 7%
Solutes: 1%
blood plasma differs from interstitial fluid because blood has…. (3 things)
Greater O2 concentration
Reduced CO2 concentration
Significantly more dissolved proteins
what solutes are found in blood plasma?
Waste: -urea -ammonia Electrolytes: -Na+, K+, Mg+2, Ca+2, Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4-, SO4-2 Organic nutrients: -Lipids -Glucose -Amino acids
what are the three proteins found in blood plasma?
Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen
describe Albumin
60% Smallest Maintains osmotic pressure of blood Controls blood volume Transports fatty materials in blood (Bilirubin, steroids, & lipids)
what are the two types of Globulins? describe them
- ) Immunoglobulins:
- antibodies - ) Transport globulins:
- transport compounds by binding to them
- This prevents them getting filtered out by kidneys
what percent of the blood plasma proteins does globulin make up?
35%
what percent of the blood plasma proteins does fibrinogen make up? What is fibrinogen responsible for?
4%
blood clotting
Without proteins, plasma is known as what?
serum
describe erythrocytes
Red blood cells
40% of blood
Value known as hematocrit
99.9% of all formed elements
describe the structure of erythrocytes
Biconcave disks Thin central region Thick outer region Large surface area/volume ratio Anucleate (most organelles absent)
erythrocyte structure allows………
passage through capillaries
- Forms rouleaux
- flexible
describe hemoglobin and its structure
280 million molecules/cell 95% of RBC proteins Structure: 4 polypeptide subunits One heme group per polypeptide One iron (Fe) per heme group
What are the functions of hemoglobin?
- ) Each Fe carries one O2 molecule
- Oxyhemoglobin is bright red - ) The reaction is easily reversed
- Deoxyhemoglobin is a deep red/maroon color - ) CO2 can also bind to hemoglobin
- Carbaminohemoglobin only accounts for 23% of blood CO2
White blood cells are known as…..
leukocytes
what are 3 functions of leukocytes?
Defend against pathogens
Remove toxins, wastes, damaged cells
Do not function in circulatory system
Leukocytes move into_______ from _________. This is know as what?
tissues; blood vessels; diapedesis
what are the two types of leukocytes? describe briefly the difference between the two
Granulocytes: granular inclusions in cytoplasm
Agranulocytes: no visible granules
What are the three granulocytes?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
describe neutrophils
Granulocytes
60% of WBCs
Lobed nucleus
Very mobile
what are the functions of neutrophils?
- 1st defense against microorganisms
- Phagocytic
- Attract more neutrophils
describe eosinophils
Granulocytes
Bi-lobed nucleus
2-4% of WBCs
Red granules
what are the functions of eosinophils?
Attracted to injuries
Phagocytize compounds bonded with antibodies
Increase during allergic reactions
describe basophils
Granulocytes
1% of WBCs
S-shaped nucleus
Blue granules
what are the functions of basophils?
Release histamine
-Inflammatory response
-Attracts other WBCs
Release anticoagulants
what are the two agranulocytes?
Monocytes and Lymphocytes
describe monocytes
Agranulocytes
2-8% of WBC’s
Largest cells in blood
what are the functions of monocytes?
Phagocytize foreign material -Fuse to form osteoclasts -Form free and fixed macrophages Recruit more monocytes Attract fibroblasts
describe lymphocytes
Agranulocytes 20-30% of WBCs Mature in lymph organs Smallest Non-phagocytic
what are the functions of lymphocytes?
Specific immunity
- Focus on a single pathogen
- Produce antibodies
- Destroy abnormal tissue
what are the three lymphocyte cells?
what does each do?
1.)T-Cells
-Attack foreign cells directly
2.) B cells
-Differentiate into plasmocytes that produce antibodies
3.) NK cells
-Immune surveillance
-Destruction of abnormal cells
(Example: cancer cells)
platelets are known as….
thrombocytes
describe thrombocytes
Small, anucleate cell fragments
From megakaryocytes
Produce proteins for blood clotting
Last for about 10-12 days
what is Hemostasis?
stopping the flow of blood
formation of a clot involves….
- Transport of important clotting agent
- Formation of a temporary patch
- Clot contraction
all blood cells are derived from__________
pluripotent stem cell
All cells except _______ are derived from the resulting _____________
lyphocytes; myeloid tissue
In adults, all new blood cells are produced in the _______________. What contributes while in utero?
bone marrow; Liver and spleen contribute while in utero, but eventually cease
describe Erythyropoiesis (6)
the formation of RBCs RBCs have no nucleus or mitochondria wear and tear with no repair RBCs last for about 120 days Replace about 1% per day 3 million RBCs replace per second!
describe leukopoiesis
just a lot…. slide 26
describe blood type (4 things)
- RBC plasmalemma (cell membrane) has surface antigens
- These are usually glycoproteins or glycolipids
- Are genetically determined (similar within ethnicities)
- A, B, and Rh are used to determine blood type
your body will produce _______ for all the _____ you do not have
antibody, antigens
what are the two types of antigens people can have?
A and B
slide 29 and 30
yay for common sense :)
True or False: People who are Rh- are born having Rh antibodies
false: Rh- people will only produce antibodies when exposed to the Rh antigen
What could happen if a woman who is Rh- is pregnant with an Rh+ baby?
the first child will not be effected however an Rh- mother may reject a second Rh+ baby
slide 32
blood
