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Anatomy > Chapter 20: Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

how much blood is in the average human body?

A

5 L

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2
Q

What is blood?

what makes this up?

A

a connective tissue
cells which are also known as formed elements
matrix = plasma

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3
Q

what are the two basic functions of blood?

A
  1. ) Transport materials
    - Nutrients, oxygen
    - Metabolic wastes
    - Specialized cells that defend tissues
  2. ) Help maintain stable cellular environment
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4
Q

blood plasma is ___% of blood volume

A

55

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5
Q

what are the 3 functions of blood plasma?

A

Transport nutrients, gases & vitamins
Regulate fluid & electrolytes
Maintain pH

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6
Q

what is blood plasma composed of?

A

Water: 92%
Proteins: 7%
Solutes: 1%

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7
Q

blood plasma differs from interstitial fluid because blood has…. (3 things)

A

Greater O2 concentration
Reduced CO2 concentration
Significantly more dissolved proteins

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8
Q

what solutes are found in blood plasma?

A 
Waste: 
-urea 
-ammonia
Electrolytes: 
-Na+, K+, Mg+2, Ca+2, Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4-, SO4-2
Organic nutrients:
-Lipids
-Glucose
-Amino acids
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9
Q

what are the three proteins found in blood plasma?

A

Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen

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10
Q

describe Albumin

A 
60%
Smallest
Maintains osmotic pressure of blood
Controls blood volume
Transports fatty materials in blood
(Bilirubin, steroids, & lipids)
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11
Q

what are the two types of Globulins? describe them

A
  1. ) Immunoglobulins:
    - antibodies
  2. ) Transport globulins:
    - transport compounds by binding to them
    - This prevents them getting filtered out by kidneys
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12
Q

what percent of the blood plasma proteins does globulin make up?

A

35%

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13
Q

what percent of the blood plasma proteins does fibrinogen make up? What is fibrinogen responsible for?

A

4%

blood clotting

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14
Q

Without proteins, plasma is known as what?

A

serum

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15
Q

describe erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells
40% of blood
Value known as hematocrit
99.9% of all formed elements

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16
Q

describe the structure of erythrocytes

A 
Biconcave disks
Thin central region
Thick outer region
Large surface area/volume ratio
Anucleate
(most organelles absent)
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17
Q

erythrocyte structure allows………

A

passage through capillaries

  • Forms rouleaux
  • flexible
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18
Q

describe hemoglobin and its structure

A 
280 million molecules/cell
95% of RBC proteins
Structure:
4 polypeptide subunits
One heme group per polypeptide
One iron (Fe) per heme group
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19
Q

What are the functions of hemoglobin?

A
  1. ) Each Fe carries one O2 molecule
    - Oxyhemoglobin is bright red
  2. ) The reaction is easily reversed
    - Deoxyhemoglobin is a deep red/maroon color
  3. ) CO2 can also bind to hemoglobin
    - Carbaminohemoglobin only accounts for 23% of blood CO2
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20
Q

White blood cells are known as…..

A

leukocytes

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21
Q

what are 3 functions of leukocytes?

A

Defend against pathogens
Remove toxins, wastes, damaged cells
Do not function in circulatory system

22
Q

Leukocytes move into_______ from _________. This is know as what?

A

tissues; blood vessels; diapedesis

23
Q

what are the two types of leukocytes? describe briefly the difference between the two

A

Granulocytes: granular inclusions in cytoplasm
Agranulocytes: no visible granules

24
Q

What are the three granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

25
Q

describe neutrophils

A

Granulocytes
60% of WBCs
Lobed nucleus
Very mobile

26
Q

what are the functions of neutrophils?

A
  • 1st defense against microorganisms
  • Phagocytic
  • Attract more neutrophils
27
Q

describe eosinophils

A

Granulocytes
Bi-lobed nucleus
2-4% of WBCs
Red granules

28
Q

what are the functions of eosinophils?

A

Attracted to injuries
Phagocytize compounds bonded with antibodies
Increase during allergic reactions

29
Q

describe basophils

A

Granulocytes
1% of WBCs
S-shaped nucleus
Blue granules

30
Q

what are the functions of basophils?

A

Release histamine
-Inflammatory response
-Attracts other WBCs
Release anticoagulants

31
Q

what are the two agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes and Lymphocytes

32
Q

describe monocytes

A

Agranulocytes
2-8% of WBC’s
Largest cells in blood

33
Q

what are the functions of monocytes?

A 
Phagocytize foreign material
-Fuse to form osteoclasts
-Form free and fixed macrophages
Recruit more monocytes
Attract fibroblasts
34
Q

describe lymphocytes

A 
Agranulocytes
20-30% of WBCs
Mature in lymph organs
Smallest
Non-phagocytic
35
Q

what are the functions of lymphocytes?

A

Specific immunity

  • Focus on a single pathogen
  • Produce antibodies
  • Destroy abnormal tissue
36
Q

what are the three lymphocyte cells?

what does each do?

A

1.)T-Cells
-Attack foreign cells directly
2.) B cells
-Differentiate into plasmocytes that produce antibodies
3.) NK cells
-Immune surveillance
-Destruction of abnormal cells
(Example: cancer cells)

37
Q

platelets are known as….

A

thrombocytes

38
Q

describe thrombocytes

A

Small, anucleate cell fragments
From megakaryocytes
Produce proteins for blood clotting
Last for about 10-12 days

39
Q

what is Hemostasis?

A

stopping the flow of blood

40
Q

formation of a clot involves….

A
  • Transport of important clotting agent
  • Formation of a temporary patch
  • Clot contraction
41
Q

all blood cells are derived from__________

A

pluripotent stem cell

42
Q

All cells except _______ are derived from the resulting _____________

A

lyphocytes; myeloid tissue

43
Q

In adults, all new blood cells are produced in the _______________. What contributes while in utero?

A

bone marrow; Liver and spleen contribute while in utero, but eventually cease

44
Q

describe Erythyropoiesis (6)

A 
the formation of RBCs
RBCs have no nucleus or mitochondria
wear and tear with no repair
RBCs last for about 120 days
Replace about 1% per day
3 million RBCs replace per second!
45
Q

describe leukopoiesis

A

just a lot…. slide 26

46
Q

describe blood type (4 things)

A
  • RBC plasmalemma (cell membrane) has surface antigens
  • These are usually glycoproteins or glycolipids
  • Are genetically determined (similar within ethnicities)
  • A, B, and Rh are used to determine blood type
47
Q

your body will produce _______ for all the _____ you do not have

A

antibody, antigens

48
Q

what are the two types of antigens people can have?

A

A and B

49
Q

slide 29 and 30

A

yay for common sense :)

50
Q

True or False: People who are Rh- are born having Rh antibodies

A

false: Rh- people will only produce antibodies when exposed to the Rh antigen

51
Q

What could happen if a woman who is Rh- is pregnant with an Rh+ baby?

A

the first child will not be effected however an Rh- mother may reject a second Rh+ baby

52
Q

slide 32

A

blood

Anatomy (23 decks)

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