Chapter 24: Respiratory System

Question 1

what does the respiratory system consist of?

Answer 1

1.) Upper respiratory system
Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, & pharynx
Filter, warm, & humidify air and bring it to and from the…
2.) Lower respiratory system
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, &
Alveoli – gas exchange surface

Question 2

what are the functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 2

Extensive area for gas exchange
Move air to and from exchange surface
Protect exchange surfaces from damage
-dehydration, temperature, pathogens, etc.
Produce vocalization
Regulate blood volume, pH, pressure, etc.

Question 3

slides 4 and 5

Answer 3

idk wtf that is

Question 4

what are the parts of the external nose? (3)

Answer 4

1. ) Cartilage
   - lateral nasal
   - major and minor alar
2. ) Nasal bone
3. ) External nares
   - a.k.a. nostrils

Question 5

the external nose encloses the_________ which is protected by________.

Answer 5

nasal vestibule; hairs;

Question 6

The nasal vestibule opens into the __________ and is divided by the ____________

Answer 6

nasal cavity; nasal septum

Question 7

describe the nasal cavity

Answer 7

-Starts at nasal vestibule and ends at internal nares
-Divided in two by the nasal septum
(Ethmoid, vomer, septal cartilage)
-Separated from oral cavity
(Hard palate/palatine and maxilla and Soft palate)
-Mucus membrane lining

Question 8

describe the olfactory region of the nasal cavity

Answer 8

• Superior region
• All areas with olfactory receptors
• Cribiform plate, superior nasal conchae, superior septum

Question 9

describe the conchae region of the nasal cavity

Answer 9

-Three projections of bone on each side
(Superior/middle/inferior)
-Ethmoid and inferior nasal concha bone

Question 10

Grooves in between conchae are called what?

Answer 10

meatuses

Question 11

what are the functions of conchae?

Answer 11

Divide cavity into passages
Support mucous membranes
Increase surface area
Increase turbulence
(Filters out airborne particles)

Question 12

what are sinuses?

Answer 12

Air-filled sacs within cranial bones
(Maxilla, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid)
They are lined with mucous membranes

Question 13

sinuses open into____

Answer 13

nasal cavity

Question 14

what are the functions of sinuses?

Answer 14

Decrease weight of skull
Produce mucus
Resonant chambers

Question 15

the shared passageway for respiratory & digestive system is known as what?

Answer 15

the throat

Question 16

what are the three pharynges? describe where they are

Answer 16

Nasopharynx
-above uvula & posterior to internal nares
Oropharynx
-portion visible in a mirror
Larynopharynx
-between hyoid & esophagus

Question 17

what are the functions of the pharynx/throat?

Answer 17

passage for food
passage for air
sound production

Question 18

what are the four layers of the respiratory tree?

Answer 18

1.) Mucosa
goblet cells in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
2.) Submucosa
areolar CT + serous & mucous glands
3.) Hyaline cartilage
4.) Trachealis muscle
transverse & longitudinal smooth muscle
More muscle as one moves closer to the lungs

Question 19

what is the larynx?

Answer 19

an enlargement in airway at top of trachea & below pharynx

Question 20

what does the larynx do? (3)

Answer 20

-routes air & food to proper channels
-surrounds & protects glottis
(opening into larynx)
-houses vocal cords

Question 21

the composition of the larynx is made up of what?

Answer 21

muscles & cartilage held together by elastic tissue

Question 22

what are the cartilages of the larynx? describe

Answer 22

Thyroid: Adam’s apple
Cricoid: supports posterior larynx
Arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform: attach and control vocal cords
Epiglottis: projects into pharynx and covers glottis during swallowing

Question 23

folds in mucous membrane are known as what?

Answer 23

vocal folds

Question 24

describe Vestibular folds

Answer 24

false’ vocal cords
no sound production
muscles help close larynx during swallowing

Question 25

describe vocal folds

Answer 25

True’ vocal cords

cause sound production

Question 26

describe how speaking occurs

Answer 26

• Air pushed past vocal folds causes vibrations
• pitch controlled by changing tension of cords
• Tight = high
• volume related to force of air over cords
• More force = loud
• oral cavity, lips & tongue change sound

Question 27

what is the trachea?

Answer 27

a flexible tube that connects the larynx with the bronchi

Question 28

describe the composition of the trachea

Answer 28

inner wall

• ciliated mucous membrane with goblet cells
• beat continuously
• expel mucous loaded with debris
• 20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage

Question 29

what are the functions of the trachea? (3)

Answer 29

• Filter and direct incoming air
• Cartilage rings prevent collapsing (but are still flexible)
• Soft tissue in back allows esophagus to expand

Question 30

the bronchi split at the _____

Answer 30

carina

Question 31

bronchi enter the lungs at the______

Answer 31

hilus

Question 32

bronchi subdivide into smaller & smaller branches. what are these branches?

Answer 32

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Bronchioles

Question 33

how is the right bronchus different from the left?

Answer 33

• Is wider, shorter & straighter
• Divides into three parts; one for each lobe (left only has two)
• The superior one divides very early

Question 34

describe bronchioles

Answer 34

Tertiary bronchi branch many times
Eventually form 6500 terminal bronchioles
Smooth muscle dominant and little cartilage
-Bronchodialation (SNS)
-Bronchoconstriction (PSNS)
Terminal bronchioles branch into respriatory lobules
-50-80 per lobule
-Branch into alveolar ducts

Question 35

______________ lead to ___________ which contain several alveoli

Answer 35

Alveolar ducts; Alveolar Sacs

Question 36

describe alveoli (3)

Answer 36

150 million per lung
Each associated with a network of capillaries
Abundance of elastic fibers

Question 37

what do alveolus consist of?

Answer 37

Pneumocyte Type I cells
Pneumocyte Type 2 cells
Basal lamina
Capillary network
Connective tissue
-Fibroblasts -->elastic & reticular fibers
-Macrophages -->phagocytosis

Question 38

describe Pneumocyte Type 1 cells

Answer 38

Simple squamous epithelium for gas exchange

moist lining aids diffusion across respiratory membrane

Question 39

describe Pneumocyte Type 2 cells

Answer 39

No gas exchange
Secrete pulmonary surfactant
-Fluid will a lower cohesive force than water
-Alveolar walls don’t stick to each other
-Prevents collapse of alveoli

Question 40

what membranes surround the lungs? whats inbetween?

Answer 40

Parietal pleura
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity in between

Question 41

describe the structure of the lungs

Answer 41

Apex and base
Hilus (all vessels and bronchi enter here)
Lobes
-Left = 2 lobes
-Right = 3 lobes
-Fissures separate
Lobes divide into lobules

Question 42

how does breathing work?

Answer 42

• depends on volume changes in thoracic cavity
• volume change leads to pressure change
• when pressure changes, gases flow in to equalize pressure

Question 43

what are the two phases in breathing?

Answer 43

inspiration

expiration

Question 44

describe inspiration and what occurs in the lungs (6)

Answer 44

• diaphragm & external intercostals muscles contract
• Thoracic cavity expands
• Pressure in pleural cavity ↓
• Lungs expand into lower pressure area
• Pressure in lungs ↓
• Air moves into lungs to equalize pressure

Question 45

describe expiration (8)

Answer 45

• a passive process
• muscles relax
• Recoil shrinks thoracic cavity
• Pressure in pleural cavity ↑
• Lungs are compressed
• Pressure in lungs ↑
• Air moves out to equalize pressure
• This is known as tidal expiration

Question 46

describe forced expiration (6)

Answer 46

• Internal intercostals, external obliques, & abdominal recti muscles contract
• Further shrinks thoracic cavity
• Pressure in pleural cavity ↑ ↑
• Lungs are compressed
• Pressure in lungs ↑ ↑
• Air moves out to equalize pressure