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Anatomy > Chapter 25: Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 25: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is Digestion?

A

process whereby food is changed into a form that can be absorbed

  • breakdown of ingested food
  • absorption of nutrients into blood
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2
Q

What is metabolism?

A

production of atp

anabolic and catabolic cellular activities

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3
Q

what makes up the Alimentary canal?

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus

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4
Q

what are the accessory organs to the digestive system?

A

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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5
Q

what are the four layers of the digestive tract?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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6
Q

the inner most layer of the digestive tract is what?

A

Mucosa

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7
Q

what are the three layers of the Mucosa?

A
  1. ) Mucosal epithelium
  2. ) Lamina propria
    - Blood vessels, sensory nerves, lymph vessels, M.A.L.T.
  3. ) Muscularis mucosa
    - Smooth muscle and elastic fibers
    - Two layers
    - Circular and longitudinal
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8
Q

the mucosa may have ______ to increase surface area

A

fold

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9
Q

the mucosa may also have glands that create what enzymes?

A

digestive and mucous enzymes

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10
Q

what are the functions of the mucosa?

A

protection

absorption & secretion

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11
Q

what is the submucosa made up of

A

loose CT, glands, BV, lymph vessels & nerves

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12
Q

what are the functions of the submucosa?

A

nourish surrounding tissues

carry away absorbed materials

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13
Q

describe the muscularis

A 
layers of visceral smooth muscle
inner = circular 
-decrease diameter when contracted
outer = longitudinal
-shorten tube when contract
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14
Q

describe the serosa

A

-A.k.a visceral peritoneum
-does not exist superior to the diaphragm
Instead there is adventitia
-epithelium & CT

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15
Q

what are the functions of the serosa?

A

protection

secrete serous fluid

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16
Q

the peritoneum is a ………

A

series of membranes in the abdominal cavity

  • Are continuous with one another
  • Peritoneal cavity in between
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17
Q

what are the two membranes of the peritoneum? where do they adhere?

A

Visceral
-Adheres directly to the internal organs
Parietal
-adheres to the abdominal wall

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18
Q

describe mesentaries

A

Sheets of peritoneum connected to organs
Access route for vessels and nerves
Stabilize position

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19
Q

what connects the stomach to the liver?

A

lesser omentum

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20
Q

describe the greater omentum

A

Starts at stomach
descends inferior
then ascends to form a pouch or “apron” (filled with adipose)
attaches to the colon

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21
Q

what attaches to the majority of the small intestine

A

mesentery proper

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22
Q

what attaches to the large intestine?

A

mesocolon

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23
Q

what do both the mesentery proper and the mesocolon allow for?

A

Both allow for nerves, BV, and lymphatics to connect to intestines

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24
Q

describe peristalsis

A 
Propels bolus (food) down the tract
Circular muscles contract first
-Prevents bolus from moving back
Longitudinal next
-Advances it down the tract
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25
Q

describe segmentation

A

No net movement in any particular direction
Goal is to fragment bolus
Mostly circular muscle contractions

26
Q

what are 5 functions of the mouth?

A 
Mastication/Mixing
Lubrication
Speech
Taste/evaluation
Limited digestion
27
Q

what are the 2 palates in the mouth? describe them

A 
1.) Hard palate
Palatine bone on roof of mouth
2.) Soft Palate
CT extension of the palate
-->Uvula
*Dangles at the end of the soft palate
*Prevents food from going down prematurely
28
Q

what do salivary glands produce? describe

A

Saliva

  • mucous + serous fluid
  • form food bolus
  • make salivary amylase
  • starch digestion
  • dissolve chemicals for taste
29
Q

what are the three salivary glands

A

parotid
sublingual
submandibular

30
Q

what is the function of having teeth?

A

mastication (mechanical breakdown)

31
Q

what are the different types of teeth and what are they used for?

A 
Incisors
-cutting
Cuspids (Canines)
-tearing
Bicuspids (premolars)
-crushing & grinding
Molars
-crushing & grinding
32
Q

what are the four tooth regions? describe

A
  1. ) Crown
    - Exposed region of the tooth; covered in enamel
  2. ) Root
    - Base; within host bone
  3. ) Neck
    - boundary between root & crown
  4. ) Gingiva
    - gums
    - gingival sulcus–>where gum & tooth meet
33
Q

describe the two dental successions

A
  1. ) Primary or Deciduous teeth
    - 20 total
    - incisors, cuspid, 1st & 2nd molars
  2. ) Secondary or Permanent Teeth
    - 32 total
    - incisors, cuspid, 1st & 2nd bicuspid, 1st, 2nd & 3rd molars
34
Q

describe the movement through the pharynx

A

is enabled by swallowing
Bolus enters the Oropharynx
Passes the laryngopharynx

35
Q

swallowing is known as what?

A

deglutition

36
Q

what are the three stages of swallowing?

A

buccal phase
pharyngeal phase
esophageal phase

37
Q

describe the esophagus

A

Straight, collapsible tube

penetrates diaphragm through esophageal hiatus

38
Q

what is the function of the esophagus

A

passageway for food; only to stomach

39
Q

describe the unique histology of the esophagus

A 
Mucosa
-stratified squamous
-large folds (expansion)
Muscularis
-skeletal muscle in superior regions
Adventitia (no serosa)
40
Q

what are the 5 functions of the stomach

A 
storage
mechanical breakdown
-churning, mixing
chemical breakdown of protein
delivers chyme to small intestine
Little absorption of nutrients
-alcohol, aspirin, water
41
Q

what are the 2 general shapes of the stomach and what are the four major regions?

A 
General shape:
-lesser curvature
-greater curvature
Major regions:
-Cardia: meets esophagus
-Fundus: superior region
-Body: largest region
-Pyloris: meets small intestine
42
Q

describe the unique histology of the stomach

A 
Mucosa
-folded into rugae for expansion during a full stomach
Muscularis
-THREE muscle layers:
*Outer: longitudinal
*Middle: circular
*Inner: oblique
43
Q

what do gastric glands do?

A

make gastric juice

44
Q

for the gastric glands what are the secretory cell types? describe them (3)

A
  1. ) Parietal Cells
    - HCl (lowers pH)
    - Intrinsic factor (absorbs B12)
  2. ) Chief Cells
    - Pepsinogen (Breaks down proteins)
  3. ) Enteroendocrine cells
    - Secrete the hormone gastrin
45
Q

True or False: the small intestine is a major digestive organ

A

true

46
Q

what are the parts/regions of the small intestine?

describe them

A 
Duodenum
-25 cm
-Digestive secretions from liver and pancreas
Jejunum
-2500 cm
-Most digestion and absorption
Ileum
-3500 cm
47
Q

what are the four functions of the small intestine?

A

completes digestion of chyme
receives secretions from pancreas & liver
absorbs products of digestion (majority of absorption)
transports remaining residue to large intestin

48
Q

three things contribute to increasing the surface area of the small intestine. What are they and describe them

A
  1. ) Plicae circulares
    - Folds in lining
  2. ) Intestinal villi
    - Fingerlike projections of mucosa
  3. ) Microvilli
    - Fingerlike extensions of cell membranes
49
Q

what are the functions of the large intestine?

A 
NO digestive enzymes
NO nutrient absorption
Bacteria here digest remaining nutrients
(Remaining water & vitamins K & B absorbed)
Remaining materials: 
-defecated as feces
-Slow, infrequent peristalsis
-Enabled by mucus production
50
Q

what are the regions of the large intestine? describe them

A

slide 34-36

51
Q

what are the 6 functions of the liver?

A
  1. ) Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
    - synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids & cholesterol
    - converts carbohydrates & proteins to fat
  2. ) protein metabolism
    - make blood proteins
  3. ) Storage
    - glycogen, vitamins, iron
  4. ) blood filtering
  5. ) detoxification
  6. ) secretes bile
52
Q

the liver is divided into lobes by the what?

A

falciform ligament

53
Q

___________attaches liver to diaphragm

A

coronary ligament

54
Q

the largest lobe is the________

A

right

55
Q

describe hepatic lobules

A 
Functional unit
Hepatocytes around central vein
-remove toxins
-produce bile
Hepatic sinusoids
-vascular channels
-receive blood from portal veins
Kupffer cells
fixed macrophages
56
Q

where is the gallbladder located?

A

the inferior surface of the liver

57
Q

what is the function of the gallbladder?

A

store bile
concentrate bile by reabsorbing water
release bile into duodenum

58
Q

slide 41

A

flow chart on flow charts

59
Q

Pancreatic juice goes into the duodenum via……

A

Pancreatic duct

Hepatopancreatic sphincter

60
Q

pancreatic juice is produced by……

A

pancreatic acini

61
Q

pancreatic juice is composed of what?

A 
Pancreatic amylase: starch
Proteinases & trypsin: protein
Lipase: fat
Nucleases: nucleic acids
Alkalines: neutralizes acidic chyme

Anatomy (23 decks)

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