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Anatomy > Chapter 28: Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Chapter 28: Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. ) Produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes
  2. ) Maintain normal blood and interstitial fluid volume
  3. ) Alternate route for the transport of materials
    - Nutrients
    - Hormones
    - Waste
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2
Q

lymphatic vessels transport fluid called ______ from tissues to the _______

A

lympth; venous system

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3
Q

lymphatic vessels can range in size… give some examples (4)

A

Small lymphatic capillaries
Medium lymphatic vessels
Large lymphatic trunks
Lymphatic ducts

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4
Q

lymphatic vessels are almost always found associated with _________

A

blood vessels

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5
Q

lymphatic vessels are found where?

absent where?

A

Found in most tissues

Absent in avascular tissue and the CNS

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6
Q

what is lymph?

A

Lymph is a fluid connective tissue

It occurs ONLY in the lymphatic vessels

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7
Q

what is lymph derived from?

A

Interstitial fluid of the tissues
Lymphocytes
Macrophages

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8
Q

Slide 6

A

:)

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9
Q

describe lymphatic capillaries (5)

A
  • Closed ended tubes
  • In interstitial spaces
  • Form networks
  • Single layer of squamous cells with incomplete basal lamina
  • fenestrated
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10
Q

How are lymphatic capillaries different from blood capillaries? (5)

A
  • Larger diameter
  • Thinner walls
  • Flat and irregular
  • Have anchoring filaments to keep the passage open
  • Overlapping endothelial cells
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11
Q

describe the formation of lymph

A

Interstitial fluid enters capillaries

  • Overlapping cells function as one way valves
  • Moves through fenestrations
  • Large things such as viruses and debris follow
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12
Q

describe medium lymphatic vessels

A 
Merging of lymph capillaries
Similar to veins
-Interna
-Media
-Adventitia
-Valves
Merge to form trunks
Travel with arteries of same size
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13
Q

__________ are named for the _______

examples?

A

Lymphatic Trunks, region they drain

Ex. Lumbar, Intestinal, Broncomediastinal, Subclavian, Jugular

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14
Q

____ drain into _______

A

Trunks; Ducts

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15
Q

what are the two lymphatic ducts?

A

thoracic and right lymphatic

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16
Q

What do lymphatic ducts do?

A

Deliver lymph to venous circulation at subclavians

  • Reintroduced to bloodstream
  • Becomes part of plasma and is circulated
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17
Q

where does the thoracic duct drain?

A

drains lower body, left arm, head & neck

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18
Q

describe the route of the thoracic duct

A

arises from cisterna chyli
through diaphragm
ascends in front of vertebral column
empties into left subclavian vein

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19
Q

where does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

drains right side of head, neck & right arm

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20
Q

describe the route of the right lymphatic duct

A

starts in right thorax

To the right subclavian vein

21
Q

lymphatic ducts (Evenly/Unevenly) drain fluid from body

explain?

A

Unevenly;

Thoracic does the majority
It is much longer and drains the entire inferior half of the body

22
Q

describe the movement of lymph

A 
Contain valves
-Occur at bulges
-Prevent backflow
--Pressure is lower in lymphatics than in veins)
--Lymph is moved using similar methods to veins)
---Skeletal muscles
---Breathing
(slide 16)
23
Q

What is it called If drainage does not occur?

A

lymphedema

24
Q

Primary cells of the lymphoid system are called what?

A

lymphocytes

25
Q

Lymphocytes allow for……

A

specific (or adaptive) immunity

-multi-faceted immune response to the detection of specific foreign antigens

26
Q

when it comes the lymphocytes what are the three cells?

A

T cells
B Cells
NK Cells

27
Q

describe NK cells (4)

A
  • Natural killer (NK) cells
  • Derived directly from bone marrow
  • NON-specific immunity
  • Detect chemical signals other than specific antigens (like all the other leukocytes) and induce apoptosis
28
Q

describe B cells (3)

A
  • Originate and develop in the bone marrow (B-cells)
  • Stimulated by an antigen to produce antibodies
  • Can survive for years as memory cells, and become active once exposed to a similar antigen
29
Q

describe T cells (4)

A
  • Originate in the bone marrow but develop in the thymus (T-cells)
  • Attack cells with antigens indicating viral infection or detrimental mutations (cancer)
  • Induce apoptosis
  • Have memory cells similar to B-cells
30
Q

what are lymphoid nodules?

A

Reticular connective tissue dominated by lymphocytes

**NOT organs

31
Q

what is M.A.L.T

A

(Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue)

Digestive lymph nodules

32
Q

where are tonsils positioned and what do they do?

A
  • Positioned around the pharanx

- Remove pathogens that enter via air or food

33
Q

what are the three types of tonsils? describe

A
  1. ) Pharyngeal tonsil
    - one nodule in nasophranx
    - a.k.a. adenoids
  2. ) Palatine tonsils
    - two nodules on the soft palate
  3. ) Lingual tonsils
    - two nodules at the base of the tongue
34
Q

what MALT lines mucosa of the small intestine

A

Aggregated lymphoid nodules

35
Q

what is the appendix?

A

Blind tube at the beginning of small intestine
Area prone to infection
-Appendicitis
-Intestinal flora enter underlying tissues

36
Q

lymphatic organs are surrounded by…..

A

a fibrous, connective tissue capsule

37
Q

what are the three lymphatic organs?

A

Thymus
Spleen
Lymph Nodes

38
Q

describe lymph nodes (3)

A

-bean shaped
-Between several afferent and one efferent vessel
-Hilus
(indented region where BV’s, nerves, and efferent lymph vessels connect)

39
Q

lymph nodes have a cortex and medulla.. describe both sections

A 
Cortex:
-capsule has trabeculae that subdivide it
Has two regions:
outer cortex
(consists of aggregated B-cells)
inner cortex
(T cells enter blood here)

Medulla:
B-cells leave through the efferent vessel

40
Q

what are the 6 locations of lymph nodes?

A 
Cervical
Axillary
Inguinal
Pelvic
Abdominal
Thoracic
41
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

the left side of the stomach

42
Q

True or False: the spleen is the largest lymphatic organ

A

true

43
Q

the spleen is made up of 2 types of pulp… what are they and describe them

A 
White pulp
-resembles lymph node
Red pulp
-large amounts of RBC
-sinuses, macrophages, T/B cells
44
Q

what are the functions of the spleen? (5)

A 
Remove old RBC’s
Store/recycle iron
Initiate immune response
Blood reservoir
RBC production in fetus
45
Q

where is the thymus located?

A

in mediastium

46
Q

describe the size and development of the thymus over time as you age

A

first lymph organ to develop
grows until puberty
Shrinks with age
replaced by fibrous & adipose tissue

47
Q

the thymus has 2 lobes with lobules. what are they?

A

Cortex-mostly immature T-cells

Medulla-mostly reticular epithelial cells

48
Q

describe the T cells in the thymus

A

Cortex produces T-cells
Mature and migrate into medulla
Enter blood vessels and go into circulation

49
Q

describe reticular cells in the thymus

A

Produce thymosin

Promote T-cell differentiation

Anatomy (23 decks)

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