Chapter 8 Flashcards
Exercise Metabolism and bioenergetics
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
food sources like carbohydrates, fats, proteins are absorbed by cells through a series of chemical reaction which allow those nutrients to be converted into whats known as a high energy compound called “Adenosine Triphosphate”.
what is bioenergetics
The study of how energy is transformed through various biochemical reactions.
what term refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself?
Metabolism
exercise metabolism
The examination of bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiologic changes and demands placed on the body during exercise.
First law of thermodynamics
states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, on recycled or converted from one form into another.
Macronutrients
Food substances required in large amounts to supply energy and include protein, carbohydrate, and fat.
Substrates
food that has been broken down into smaller by products ( fats, proteins, carbs)
Glucose
Main source of energy, can be made within the body from fats and amino acids or consumed in a form of (carbohydrates)
Glycogen
glycogen is glucose that has been stored. It is stored as a string molecule in a branched structure in the liver. glycogen is released into the blood stream when there isnt enough glucose in the blood.
ventilatory threshold 1
As activity intensity increases, the usage of carbohydrate as an energy source becomes 50%, and the usage of fat becomes 50%.This will be an important concept to keep in mind during cardiorespiratory assessment and programming, especially as it pertains to maximizing both fat loss goals and performance goals for clients.
ventilatory threshold 2 (VT2)
VT2 represents the point where activity is so intense that glucose is providing virtually all of the energy for the activity, as fats metabolize too slowly to keep up with maximal demands. If the supplies of glucose and glycogen run out, a person would not be able to continue exercising at maximal intensity and he or she will have to reduce effort to a point where fat usage is once again possible, commonly referred to as hitting a wall.
What is the main form of energy used by the body when training below the VT1 threshold
free fatty acids
how many calories are in one pound of fat
3,500
how many amino acids does the human body need to assemble bodily proteins
20
what is the third source of fuel
proteins, made up of building block substances called amino acids
how many non essential amino acids can the human body synthesize without external sources like food
11
what is known as the amino acids that cannot be synthesized
essential amino acids
how many essential amino acids (EAA) are there
9
negative energy balance
when calorie intake is lower than the number of calories expended
how do amino acids convert into glucose or ketones
through a state of gluconeogenesis or ketogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats).
Ketogenesis
The formation of ketone bodies from nonfat sources, such as certain amino acids.
Ketosis
A state of carbohydrate depletion where the liver manufactures ketone bodies to meet energy demands that free fatty acid oxidation cannot support.
Exogenous ketones
Isolated ketone bodies usually consumed in supplement form.
Insulin resistance
The inability of the cells to respond to insulin; occurs in type 2 diabetes.
Ketoacidosis
Metabolic acidosis induced by very high levels of ketone bodies such as seen in type 1 diabetes or severe insulin resistance.
