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A and P I > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

Joints

1
Q

Bones joined by dense, fibrous connective tissue
No joint cavity
Most are immovable
3 types: suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis

A

Fibrous joints

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2
Q

Rigid, interlocking joints of skull
Allow for growth during youth
In middle age, sutures ossify and fuse

A

Sutures (fibrous)

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3
Q

Closed, immovable sutures

A

Synostoses

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4
Q

Bones are connected by ligaments
Fiber length varies, so movement varies
- Short fibers = little/no movement
- Longer fibers = larger movement

Typical at tibia and fibula junction

A

Syndesmosis (Fibrous)

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5
Q

Peg-in-socket joints
Only examples are the teeth in alveolar sockets
Fibrous connection = periodontal ligament

A

Gomphosis (Fibrous)

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6
Q

Bands of fibrous tissues

A

Ligaments

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7
Q

Bones united by cartilage
No joint cavity
2 types: synchondrosis, symphysis

A

Cartilaginous joints

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8
Q

Bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones
Almost all are synarthrotic (immoveable)
Typical in rib 1 and sternum articulation

A

Synchondrosis (Cartilaginous)

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9
Q

Fibrocartilage unites bone
Symphyses are strong, amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable) joints
Ex. intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis

A

Symphysis (Cartilaginous)

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10
Q

Bones are separated by fluid-filled joint cavity
Diarthrotic (freely moveable)
Ex. limb joints
Characteristics:
- Six general features
- Bursae and tendon sheaths associated with them

A

Synovial joints

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11
Q
  1. Articular cartilage - prevents crushing of bone ends
  2. Joint (synovial) cavity - small, synovial fluid-filled space
  3. Articular (joint) capsule - two layers thick
  4. Synovial fluid - viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
  5. Reinforcing ligaments
  6. Nerves and blood vessels
A

6 Features of Synovial joints

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12
Q

Dense irregular tissue layer
Outer layer in joint capsule

A

External fibrous layer

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13
Q

Loose connective tissue that makes synovial fluid
Inner layer in joint capsule

A

Synovial membrane

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14
Q

Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
Contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris

A

Synovial fluid

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15
Q

Reinforcing ligament; Thickened part of fibrous layer

A

Capsular

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16
Q

Reinforcing ligament; Outside the capsule

A

Extracapsular

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17
Q

Reinforcing ligament; Deep to capsule, covered by synovial membrane

A

Intracapsular

18
Q

Provide cushioning between fibrous layer of capsule and synovial membrane or bone

A

Fatty pads

19
Q

Fibrocartilage separates articular surfaces to improve fit of bone ends, stabilize joints, and reduce wear and tear
Common in knee

A

Menisci

20
Q

Flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing thin film of synovial fluid
Reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
Not part of synovial joint

A

Bursae

21
Q

Elongated bursae wrapped around tendons completely subjected to friction
Protects tendon

A

Tendon sheath

22
Q
  1. Shape of articular surface
  2. Ligament number and location
  3. Muscle tone
A

Joint stability factors:

23
Q

Horizontal blows to knee:
- Collateral ligament damage (Tibial or Fibular)
- Cruciate ligament damage (Anterior or Posterior)
- Cartilage (menisci) damage

A

Common knee injuries:

24
Q

Gliding movement

A

Synovial plane

25
Q

Flexion and extension; elbow joints

A

Synovial hinge

26
Q

Rotation; Ulna and radius joints

A

Synovial pivot

27
Q

Oval articular surface; Flexion and extension, adduction and abduction; knuckles, wrist

A

Synovial condylar

28
Q

Carpometacarpal joint in thumb, looks like saddle

A

Synovial saddle

29
Q

Shoulder and hip joints

A

Synovial ball-and-socket

30
Q
  1. Cartilage tear
  2. Sprain
  3. Dislocation
A

3 common joint injuries:

31
Q

Due to compression and shear stress
Fragments may cause joint to lock or bind
Cartilage rarely repairs itself
Repairs: arthroscopic surgery

A

Cartilage tear

32
Q

Reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn
Common in ankle, knee, and lumbar region of back
Partial tears repair slowly because of poor vascularization
Repairs: Ends sewn together, graft, relax

A

Sprain

33
Q

Bones are forced out of ligament
Accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and difficulty moving joint
Reduced to treat
Partial (subluxation) or complete (luxation)

A

Dislocations

34
Q

Inflammation of bursa, usually caused by blow or friction
Treatment: rest, ice, NSAIDS

A

Bursitis

35
Q

Inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse

A

Tendonitis

36
Q

> 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints
Most widespread crippling disease in US
Acute forms: bacteria –> antibiotics
Chronic forms: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis

A

Arthritis

37
Q

Most common type of arthritis
Irreversible, degenerative
Cartilage broken down faster than it is replaced
Normally a part of aging process
Stiff joints with crunching noise (crepitus)

A

Osteoarthritis (OA)

38
Q

Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause
Immune system attacks own cells
Between ages 40-50 or any age
Symptoms: joint pain, swelling, anemia
Treatment: SAIDS or NSAIDS

A

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

39
Q

Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation
Common in men
Effects joint base of big toe
Bone ends fuse if untreated and immobilize joint
Treatment: drugs, water, no alc., foods high in purines (liver, kidneys, sardines)

A

Gouty arthritis

40
Q

Tick bite disease
Joint pain and arthritis
Symptoms: skin rash, flu-symptoms, brain fog
Treatment: Long course of antibiotics

A

Lyme disease

A and P I (18 decks)

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