Chapter 8 Flashcards
Joints
Bones joined by dense, fibrous connective tissue
No joint cavity
Most are immovable
3 types: suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis
Fibrous joints
Rigid, interlocking joints of skull
Allow for growth during youth
In middle age, sutures ossify and fuse
Sutures (fibrous)
Closed, immovable sutures
Synostoses
Bones are connected by ligaments
Fiber length varies, so movement varies
- Short fibers = little/no movement
- Longer fibers = larger movement
Typical at tibia and fibula junction
Syndesmosis (Fibrous)
Peg-in-socket joints
Only examples are the teeth in alveolar sockets
Fibrous connection = periodontal ligament
Gomphosis (Fibrous)
Bands of fibrous tissues
Ligaments
Bones united by cartilage
No joint cavity
2 types: synchondrosis, symphysis
Cartilaginous joints
Bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones
Almost all are synarthrotic (immoveable)
Typical in rib 1 and sternum articulation
Synchondrosis (Cartilaginous)
Fibrocartilage unites bone
Symphyses are strong, amphiarthrotic (slightly moveable) joints
Ex. intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis
Symphysis (Cartilaginous)
Bones are separated by fluid-filled joint cavity
Diarthrotic (freely moveable)
Ex. limb joints
Characteristics:
- Six general features
- Bursae and tendon sheaths associated with them
Synovial joints
- Articular cartilage - prevents crushing of bone ends
- Joint (synovial) cavity - small, synovial fluid-filled space
- Articular (joint) capsule - two layers thick
- Synovial fluid - viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
- Reinforcing ligaments
- Nerves and blood vessels
6 Features of Synovial joints
Dense irregular tissue layer
Outer layer in joint capsule
External fibrous layer
Loose connective tissue that makes synovial fluid
Inner layer in joint capsule
Synovial membrane
Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
Contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris
Synovial fluid
Reinforcing ligament; Thickened part of fibrous layer
Capsular
Reinforcing ligament; Outside the capsule
Extracapsular
Reinforcing ligament; Deep to capsule, covered by synovial membrane
Intracapsular
Provide cushioning between fibrous layer of capsule and synovial membrane or bone
Fatty pads
Fibrocartilage separates articular surfaces to improve fit of bone ends, stabilize joints, and reduce wear and tear
Common in knee
Menisci
Flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing thin film of synovial fluid
Reduce friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
Not part of synovial joint
Bursae
Elongated bursae wrapped around tendons completely subjected to friction
Protects tendon
Tendon sheath
- Shape of articular surface
- Ligament number and location
- Muscle tone
Joint stability factors:
Horizontal blows to knee:
- Collateral ligament damage (Tibial or Fibular)
- Cruciate ligament damage (Anterior or Posterior)
- Cartilage (menisci) damage
Common knee injuries:
Gliding movement
Synovial plane
Flexion and extension; elbow joints
Synovial hinge
Rotation; Ulna and radius joints
Synovial pivot
Oval articular surface; Flexion and extension, adduction and abduction; knuckles, wrist
Synovial condylar
Carpometacarpal joint in thumb, looks like saddle
Synovial saddle
Shoulder and hip joints
Synovial ball-and-socket
- Cartilage tear
- Sprain
- Dislocation
3 common joint injuries:
Due to compression and shear stress
Fragments may cause joint to lock or bind
Cartilage rarely repairs itself
Repairs: arthroscopic surgery
Cartilage tear
Reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn
Common in ankle, knee, and lumbar region of back
Partial tears repair slowly because of poor vascularization
Repairs: Ends sewn together, graft, relax
Sprain
Bones are forced out of ligament
Accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and difficulty moving joint
Reduced to treat
Partial (subluxation) or complete (luxation)
Dislocations
Inflammation of bursa, usually caused by blow or friction
Treatment: rest, ice, NSAIDS
Bursitis
Inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse
Tendonitis
> 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints
Most widespread crippling disease in US
Acute forms: bacteria –> antibiotics
Chronic forms: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis
Arthritis
Most common type of arthritis
Irreversible, degenerative
Cartilage broken down faster than it is replaced
Normally a part of aging process
Stiff joints with crunching noise (crepitus)
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause
Immune system attacks own cells
Between ages 40-50 or any age
Symptoms: joint pain, swelling, anemia
Treatment: SAIDS or NSAIDS
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation
Common in men
Effects joint base of big toe
Bone ends fuse if untreated and immobilize joint
Treatment: drugs, water, no alc., foods high in purines (liver, kidneys, sardines)
Gouty arthritis
Tick bite disease
Joint pain and arthritis
Symptoms: skin rash, flu-symptoms, brain fog
Treatment: Long course of antibiotics
Lyme disease
