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A and P I > Chapter 15 Eye Anatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Eye Anatomy Flashcards

Eye Anatomy

1
Q

Protect and aid in function of eye
Include: eyebrows, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, extrinsic eye muscles

A

Accessory structures

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2
Q

70% of body’s sensory receptors located here
Half of cerebral cortex is involved in visual processing
Small sphere; only 1/6th is seen
Features: accessory structures, eyeball

A

Eye

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3
Q

Overlie supraorbital margins
Function: shade eye from sunlight, prevent perspiration from reaching eye

A

Eyebrows

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4
Q

A.k.a. palpebrae
Thin, skin covered folds that protect eye anteriorly
Separated at palpebral fissure
Meet in corners at medial and lateral commissures

A

Eyelids

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5
Q

Project from eyelids
Follicles of eyelash hairs are innervated
When eyelashes touched it triggers reflex blinking

A

Eyelashes

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6
Q

Located at medial commissure; contains oil and sweat glands

A

Lacrimal caruncle

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7
Q

Part of eyelid; Supporting connective tissue that give eyelids shape; has “plates” that anchor orbicularis oculi and levator palpebrae superioris muscles

A

Tarsal plates

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8
Q

Modified sebaceous glands that produce oily secretion that lubricates lid and eye

A

Tarsal glands

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9
Q

Infected tarsal gland, creates a cyst called _______

A

Chalazion

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10
Q

Inflammation of any of the smaller sebaceous gland

A

Stye

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11
Q

Transparent mucous membrane that produces a lubricating mucus secretion
3 parts: Palpebral, bulbar, conjunctival sac

A

Conjunctiva

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12
Q

Membrane that lines underside of eyelids

A

Palpebral conjunctiva

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13
Q

Membrane that covers white of eyes; small blood vessels found here

A

Bulbar conjunctiva

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14
Q

Space between palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva; where contact lens sit

A

Conjunctival sac

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15
Q

Inflammation of the conjunctiva resulting in reddened, irritated eyes

A

Conjunctivitis

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16
Q

Turns eye pink
Conjunctival infection caused by bacteria or viruses

A

Pink eye

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17
Q

Located in orbit above lateral end of eye; Secretes lacrimal secretions (tears)

A

Lacrimal gland

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18
Q

Where tears drain into; ______ then ________

A

Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct

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19
Q

6 straplike muscles that originate in the bony orbit and insert into eyeball
Enable eye to follow moving objects, maintain shape, and hold it in orbit

A

Extrinsic eye muscles
1. Lateral rectus
2. Medial rectus
3. Superior rectus
4. Inferior rectus
5. Inferior oblique
6. Superior oblique

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20
Q

Moves eye laterally

A

Lateral rectus

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21
Q

Moves eye medially

A

Medial rectus

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22
Q

Elevates eye and turns it medially

A

Superior rectus

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23
Q

Depresses eye and turns it medially

A

Inferior rectus

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24
Q

Elevates eye and turns it laterally
Originates from medial surface and inserts on inferolateral part of eye

A

Inferior oblique

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25
Q

Depresses eye and turns it laterally
Originates at common tendinous ring then passes through fibrocartilage loop (trochlea) and inserts in superolateral part of eye

A

Superior oblique

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26
Q

Occurs when movements of external muscles of two eyes are not perfectly coordinated
Ex. Seeing two images instead of one

A

Diplopia

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27
Q

Cross eyed
Congenital weakness of external eye muscles

A

Strabismus

28
Q

Internal cavity of eyeball filled with fluids called ____

A

Humors

29
Q

3 layers of eyeball:

A
  1. Fibrous layer
  2. Vascular layer
  3. Inner layer
30
Q

Largest segment of eye behind lens

A

Posterior segment

31
Q

Smaller segment of eye in front of lens

A

Anterior segment

32
Q

Outermost layer of eyeball; Dense avascular connective tissue
Two regions: sclera, cornea

A

Fibrous layer

33
Q

Opaque posterior region of fibrous layer
White region of eye
Protects and shapes eyeball, anchors extrinsic muscles

A

Sclera

34
Q

Transparent anterior fibrous layer
Forms clear window that lets light enter eye and bends light; No blood vessels with numerous pain receptors

A

Cornea

35
Q

Middle pigmented layer of eye
A.k.a. uvea
Three regions: choroid, cilliary body, iris

A

Vascular layer

36
Q

Posterior portion of vascular layer in eyeball wall
Supplies blood to all layers of eyeball
Brown pigment absorbs light to prevent scattering of light, which would cause visual confusion

A

Choroid region

37
Q

Anteriorly, choroid becomes this region
Thickened ring of tissue surrounding lens; Controls the shape of the lens

A

Ciliary body

38
Q

Extends from ciliary processes to lens and holds lens in position

A

Ciliary zonule

39
Q

Biconvex, transparent, flexible, and avascular; Changes shape to precisely focus light on retina
Lens epithelium: anterior region of cuboidal cells that differentiate into lens fiber cells
Lens fibers: form bulk of lens and are filled with transparent protein crystallin

A

Lens

40
Q

Transparent protein that makes up lens

A

Crystallin

41
Q

Lens becomes _________ with age

A

Denser

42
Q

Clouding of lens
Consequence of aging, diabetes mellitus, heavy smoking, frequent exposure to intense sunlight
Clumped crystallin

A

Cataract

43
Q

Colored part of eye between cornea and lens, continuous with ciliary body

A

Iris

44
Q

Central opening of iris that regulates amount of light entering eye

A

Pupil

45
Q

Pupils constrict; diameter decreases
Muscles in pupil that constrict from bright light and close vision

A

Sphincter pupillae

46
Q

Pupils dilate; diameter increases
Muscles in pupil that constrict due to distant vision and dim light

A

Dilator pupillae

47
Q

Pupils ______ when subject matter is appealing or requires problem solving skills

A

Dilate

48
Q

Inner layer of eyeball
Originates as an outpocketing of brain
Contains photoreceptor cells, neurons, glial cells
2 layered membrane: pigmented layer, neural layer

A

Retina

49
Q

Transparent layer of retina that runs anteriorly to margin of ciliary body
Has serrated edges called ora serrata
3 main neurons: Photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

A

Neural layer (retina)

50
Q

Serrated junction between the retina and ciliary body

A

Ora serrata

51
Q

Single-cell thick lining next to choroid
Extends anteriorly, covering ciliary body and iris
Functions: absorbs light and prevents it from scattering
Stores vitamin A

A

Pigmented layer (retina)

52
Q

Ganglion cell axons exit eye as ______

A

Optic nerve

53
Q

Photoreceptors –> bipoloar cells –> ganglion cells

A

Movement of signals

54
Q

Dim light, peripheral vision receptors; More numerous and more sensitive
No color vision
Lots in periphery

A

Rods

55
Q

Vision receptors for bright light
High resolution color vision

A

Cones

56
Q

Choroid supplies to outer third (photoreceptors)
Central artery and vein supply to inner two thirds

A

Sources of blood supply

57
Q

Site where optic nerve leaves eye
Lacks photoreceptors,
A.k.a. Blind spot

A

Optic disc

58
Q

Area at posterior; lateral to blind spot; next to fovea centralis
Contains mostly cones

A

Macula lutea

59
Q

Tiny pit in center of macula lutea that contains all cones, so is region with best visual acuity

A

Fovea centralis

60
Q

Fluid in posterior segment that holds retina in place
Transmits light, supports posterior surface of lens
Holds neural layer of retina firmly against pigmented layer

A

Vitreous humor

61
Q

Pigmented and neural layers separate, allowing jelly-like vitreous humor to seep between them
Can lead to permanent blindness

A

Retinal detachment

62
Q

Segment posterior to lens
Contains vitreous humor

A

Posterior segment

63
Q

Anterior to lens/smaller segment than posterior segment
Iris divides segment into two chambers: anterior and posterior chambers
Contains aqueous humor

A

Anterior segement

64
Q

Chamber between cornea and iris

A

Anterior chamber

65
Q

Chamber between iris and lens

A

Posterior chamber

66
Q

Continuously formed by capillaries of ciliary processes (unlike vitreous humor)
Supplies nutrients and oxygen mainly to lens and cornea but also to retina, and removes wastes
Drains scleral venous sinus at sclera-cornea junction

A

Aqueous humor

67
Q

Drainage of aqueous humor is blocked, causing fluid to back up and increase pressure within eye
Symptoms: halos around lights and blurred vision

A

Glaucoma

A and P I (18 decks)

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