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A and P I > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

Chemistry

1
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Energy source for the body

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2
Q

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

A

Three classes of carbohydrates are:

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3
Q

Hexose sugars, monomers of carbs
Examples - glucose, fructose

A

Monosaccharides

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4
Q

Double sugars (dimers), consist of two linked monosaccharides, too large to pass through cell membranes
Examples - sucrose, maltose, lactose

A

Disaccharides

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5
Q

Glucose + Fructose =

A

Sucrose

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6
Q

Glucose + Glucose =

A

Maltose

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7
Q

Galactose + Glucose =

A

Lactose

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8
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Polymers of monosaccharides, not very soluble, long chains
Example - Glycogen

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9
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

Bond that forms when 2 sugars combine

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10
Q

Insulate body organs, build cell membranes, and provide stored energy
Insoluble in water

A

Lipids

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11
Q

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids

A

What are the three main lipid types?

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12
Q

-Called fats when solid, oils when liquid
-Composed of three fatty acid chains bonded to a glycerol molecule
-Found in fat deposits in subcutaneous tissue and around organs
-Main functions: energy storage, insulation, protection

A

Triglycerides

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13
Q

Bond between the fatty acid and glycerol molecule to make a triglyceride

A

Ester bond

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14
Q

-All carbons are linked via single covalent bonds
-Solid at room temperature

A

Saturated fatty acid

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15
Q

-One or more carbons are linked via double bonds
-Liquid at room temp

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

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16
Q

Modified unsaturated fatty oils that resemble structure of saturated fats and considered unhealthy

A

Trans fats

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17
Q

Composed of glycerol and two fatty acid nonpolar chains, plus a phosphorus polar head
Important for cell membrane structure

A

Phospholipids

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18
Q

-Consist of four interlocking ring structures
-Found in cell membranes
-Raw material for making vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts
Example - Cholesterol

A

Steroids

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19
Q

-Derived from fatty acid found in cell membranes
-Most important = prostaglandins
-Roles in blood clotting, control of blood pressure

A

Eicosanoids

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20
Q

-Polymers of amino acid monomers
-Contain C, H, O, N, sometimes S and P
-20-30% cell mass
-Functions: structural, enzyme, contraction, transport, communication, defense

A

Proteins

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21
Q

How are amino acids joined together covalently?

A

peptide bonds

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22
Q

Primary protein structure

A

Linear sequence (order) of amio acids

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23
Q

Secondary protein structure

A

-How primary amino acids interact with each other
-Alpha helix: coils resemble spring
-Beta sheet: resemble accordion ribbons

24
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

-How secondary protein structures interact
-Beta sheets and alpha helices form 3D structures from folding

25
Q

Quaternary protein structure

A

-How two or more different polypeptides interact with each other

26
Q

-Loss of biological activity in proteins (unfolding)
-Caused by decreased pH or increased temperature

A

Denaturing

27
Q

-Strandlike, water-insoluble, and stable
-Most have tertiary or quaternary structure
-Provide mechanical support and tensile strength
Examples - keratin, collagen, elastin

A

Fibrous proteins

28
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the body?

29
Q

-Compact, spherical, water-soluble, and sensitive to environmental changes
-Tertiary or quaternary structure (3D)
-Active sites
Examples - antibodies, hormones, enzymes

A

Globular proteins

30
Q

Globular proteins that act as biological catalysts
Lower activation energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction

31
Q

Largest molecule in the body, DNA and RNA

A

Nucleic acids

32
Q

Deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA)

A

-Holds the genetics blueprint for synthesis of proteins
-Located on nucleus
-Double helix

33
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

-Carries out the DNA orders for protein synthesis
-Single stranded
-3 types (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)

34
Q

-Make up nucleic acid polymers
-Composed of nitrogen base, pentose sugar, phosphate group

A

Nucleotides

35
Q

What are the four types of nitrogenous bases?

A

Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine

36
Q

Single ring nitrogenous bases

A

Pyrimidines

37
Q

Double ring nitrogenous bases

38
Q

Bond that forms when the sugar of a nucleotide is joined to the phosphate of another

A

Phosphodiester bond

39
Q

A always pairs with T (2 H bonds)
C always pairs with G (3 H bonds)

A

Complementary base pairing

40
Q

Transfers energy to other compounds
Directly powers chemical reactions in cells

A

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

41
Q

Stored bonds of chemical substances

A

Chemical energy

42
Q

Results from movement of charged particles

A

Electrical energy

43
Q

Directly involved in moving matter

A

Mechanical energy

44
Q

Travels in waves
Heat, visible light, UV, X-rays

A

Electromagnetic energy

45
Q

2 or more atoms bonded together

46
Q

Specific molecule that has 2 or more different kinds of atoms bonded together

47
Q

Substance in greatest amount

48
Q

Substance dissolved in solvent

49
Q

Homogenous mixture with evenly distributed particles

50
Q

Aka. Emulsion
Heterogenous mixtures with particles not evenly distributed throughout mixture
Cloudy or milky look

51
Q

Heterogenous mixtures that contain large, visible, solutes that do settle out
Ex. Water and sand

A

Suspensions

52
Q

Involve transfer of valence shell electrons from atom to another with ions

A

Ionic bond

53
Q

Formed by sharing of two or more valence shell electrons between two atoms
Single, double, or triple
Non-polar –> equal sharing
Polar –> unequal sharing

A

Covalent bond

54
Q

Attractive force between postitve hydrogen and negative from another atom
Common in water

55
Q

What are the three types of chemical reactions?

A

Synthesis
Decomposition
Exchange

A and P I (18 decks)

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