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A and P I > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

Nervous Tissue

1
Q

Master in controlling and communicating system for the body
Cells will communicate via electrical and chemical signals (rapid and specific; immediate response)

A

Nervous system

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2
Q
  1. Sensory Input
  2. Integration
  3. Motor Output
A

3 Overlapping Functions of NS

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3
Q

Information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes

A

Sensory input

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4
Q

Processing and interpretation of sensory input

A

Integration

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5
Q

Activation of effector organs (muscles and glands) –>
Produces response

A

Motor output

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6
Q

Brain and spinal cord of dorsal body cavity; Integration and control center
Interprets sensory input and dictates motor output

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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7
Q

Communication between CNS and rest of body
Consists of mainly spinal nerves (into and away from spinal cord) and cranial nerves (into and away from brain)

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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8
Q

Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
Made of somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers
Somatic - Convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the CNS
Visceral - Convey impulses from visceral organs to CNS

A

Sensory afferent division

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9
Q

Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)
Made of motor nerve fibers

A

Motor efferent division

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10
Q

Subdivision of motor efferent division
Conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle
Voluntary nervous system
Uses somatic motor nerve fibers

A

Somatic nervous system

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11
Q

Subdivision of motor efferent division
Conducts impulses from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Involuntary nervous system
Uses visceral motor nerve fibers

A

Autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

Subdivision of autonomic nervous system; mobilized body systems during activity

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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13
Q

Subdivision of autonomic nervous system; promotes housekeeping functions during rest, reserves energy

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals
Nerve cells

A

Neurons

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15
Q

Cells that surround and protect delicate neurons
Glial cells

A

Neuroglia

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16
Q

Most abundant CNS glial cells; versatile and highly branched; Cling to neurons, synaptic endings, capillaries
Function: support and brace neurons, play role in exchanges between capillaries and neurons

A

Astrocytes

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17
Q

Small, ovoid cells with thorny processes that touch and monitor neurons
Migrate towards injured neurons in CNS
Phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris

A

Microglial cells

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18
Q

Line the central cavities of the brain and spinal column; May be ciliated
Involved information and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Ependymal cells

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19
Q

Branched cells; Processes wrap around more than one CNS axon, forming myelin sheaths

A

Oligodendrocytes

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20
Q

PNS glial cell; surrounds neuron cell body
Function similar to astrocytes of CNS

A

Satellite cells

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21
Q

PNS glial cell; surrounds all peripheral nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths in thicker nerve fibers
Similar function to oligodendrocytes
Vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers

A

Schwann cells

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22
Q

Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals
Large, highly specialized to conduct impulses
Characteristics: extreme longevity, amitotic, high metabolic rate
Have a cell body with one or more processes

A

Neurons

23
Q

A.k.a Perikaryon/soma
Biosynthetic center of neuron
Contains nucleus/nucleolus/rough ER
Plasma membrane is part of the receptive region which receives input info from other neurons

A

Cell body

24
Q

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in CNS
Most are located in CNS

A

Nuclei

25
Q

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in PNS

A

Ganglia

26
Q

Short, tapering, diffusely branched processes
Receptive (input) region on neuron
Convey incoming messages toward cell body as short signals (graded potential)

A

Dendrites

27
Q

Appendages with bulbous or spiky ends on dendrites

A

Dendritic spines

28
Q

Conducting region of neuron

A

Axon

29
Q

Cone shaped start of axon

A

Axon hillock

30
Q

Long axon

A

Nerve fiber

31
Q

Axons with occasional branches

A

Axon collaterals

32
Q

Axons branch profusely at their end

A

Terminal branches

33
Q

Axon endings; Secretes neurotransmitters which can excite or inhibit a neighbor neuron

A

Axon terminals/terminal buttons

34
Q

Neuron cell membrane; Nerve impulses run down and are transmitted along

A

Axolemma

35
Q

Two types: anterograde or retrograde
When molecules and organelles are moved along axons by motor proteins and cytoskeletal elements

A

Axonal transport

36
Q

Axonal transport away from cell body
——->

A

Anterograde

37
Q

Axonal transport toward cell body
<——-
Viruses, bacterial toxins, and prions damage neural tissue by this process

A

Retrograde

38
Q

Bundles of axons in CNS

A

Tracts

39
Q

Bundles axons in PNS

A

Nerves

40
Q

Composed of myelin, a whiteish, protein-lipid substance covering nerve fiber

A

Myelin sheath

41
Q

Protects and electrically insulates axon
Increase speed of nerve impulse transmission

A

Myelin

42
Q

Segmented sheath surrounds most long or large diameter axons
Conduct nerve impulses rapidly

A

Myelinated fibers

43
Q

NO sheath; Conduct impulses more slowly
Still surrounded by Schwann cells but not coiled multiple times

A

Nonmyelinated fibers

44
Q

PNS myelin sheath; wraps around axon in jelly roll fashion
Plasma membrane has less proteins

A

Schwann cells

45
Q

Gaps between adjacent Schwann cells
“Nodes of Ranvier”

A

Myelin sheath gaps

46
Q

Myelin sheath gaps present
No outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm
Thinnest fibers are usually unmyelinated

A

Myelination in CNS

47
Q

Regions of brain and spinal cord with dense collections of myelinated fibers

A

White matter

48
Q

Mostly neuron cell bodies and nonmyelinated fibers

A

Gray matter

49
Q

Three or more processes on neuron; 1 axon with dendrites, most abundant type in CNS

A

Multipolar neuron

50
Q

Two processes on neuron; 1 axon, 1 dendrite
Rare, found in special sense organs

A

Bipolar neuron

51
Q

One process, T shaped; 1 axon with peripheral process and central process
A.k.a pseudounipolar
Mainly in PNS
Sensory neurons

A

Unipolar neuron

52
Q

Transmit impulses from sensory receptors towards CNS
Most are unipolar; cell bodies are located in ganglia in PNS

A

Sensory neurons

53
Q

Carry impulses from CNS to effectors
Multipolar

A

Motor neurons

54
Q

Association neurons; Lie between motor and sensory neurons
Shuttle signals through CNS pathways
Most are multipolar

A

Interneurons

A and P I (18 decks)

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