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A and P I > Chapter 13 General Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 13 General Senses Flashcards

Special Senses

1
Q

_______ are activated by changes in the internal or external environment

A

Sensory receptors

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2
Q

Survival depends upon these 2 factors:

A
  1. Sensation
  2. Perception
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3
Q

The awareness of changes in the internal and external environment

A

Sensation

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4
Q

The conscious interpretation of those stimuli

A

Perception

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5
Q

Specialized to respond to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Activation results in graded potentials that trigger nerve impulses

A

Sensory receptors

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6
Q

Classification of Receptors; 3 ways

A
  1. Type of stimulus
  2. Body location
  3. Structural complexity
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7
Q

Respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch

A

Mechanoreceptors

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8
Q

Sensitive to changes in temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

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9
Q

Respond to light energy

A

Photoreceptors

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10
Q

Respond to chemicals

A

Chemoreceptors

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11
Q

Sensitive to pain-causing stimuli

A

Nociceptors

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12
Q

Respond to stimuli arising outside of body
Receptors in skin for touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Most special sense organ receptors

A

Exteroreceptors

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13
Q

Also called visceroceptors
Respond to stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels
Sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch, and temperature changes
Sometimes cause discomfort but usually person is unaware of their workings

A

Interoceptors

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14
Q

Respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles
Inform brain of one’s movement

A

Proprioceptors

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15
Q

Modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons
Found throughout body and monitor most types of “general sensory” information

A

Simple receptors (general senses)

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16
Q

Tactile sensations (touch, pressure, stretch, vibration)
Temperature
Pain
Muscle sense
One receptor can respond to multiple stimuli

A

General senses

17
Q

Free nerve ending in general sense receptor
Present nearly everywhere in body
Abundant in epithelia and connective tissue
Mostly unmyelinated, small
3 types: Free nerve endings, tactile discs, hair follicle receptors

A

Nonencapsulated nerve endings

18
Q

Unmyelinated fibers with knoblike swellings on their ends
Respond to temperature and painful stimuli

A

Free nerve endings

19
Q

Free nerve endings associated with enlarged disc-shaped epidermal cells
Function as light touch receptors
Located in deeper layers of epidermis

A

Tactile (merkel) cells

20
Q

Free nerve endings that are in and around hair follicles

A

Hair follicle receptors

21
Q

Consist of one or more fiber terminals of sensory neurons enclosed in a connective tissue capsule
Almost all are mechanoreceptors
Vary in shape, size, and distribution
6 types

A

Encapsulated nerve endings

22
Q

Small receptors involved in discriminative touch

A

Tactile corpuscles

23
Q

Large receptors respond to deep pressure and vibration when first applied

A

Lamella (Pacinian) corpuscles

24
Q

Respond to deep and continuous pressure

A

Bulbous corpuscles

25
Q

Spindle-shaped proprioceptors that respond to muscle stretch

A

Muscle spindles

26
Q

Proprioceptors located in tendons that detect stretch

A

Tendon organ

27
Q

Joint capsules of synovial joints

A

Joint kinesthetic receptors

28
Q

Part of sensory system serving body wall and limbs
Receives inputs from: exteroceptors, proprioceptors, interoceptors
Input is relayed toward head but processed along the way

A

Somatosensory system

29
Q

Sensory receptors; First level of integration center

A

Receptor level

30
Q

Processing in ascending pathways; Second level of integration center

A

Circuit level

31
Q

Processing in cortical sensory areas; Third level in integration center

A

Perceptual level

32
Q

Warns of actual or impending tissue damage so protective action can be taken
Stimuli: extreme pressure or temperature, histamine, ATP, acids
Impulses travel on fibers that release neurotransmitters glutamate and substance P

A

Pain

33
Q

Results from stimulation of visceral organ receptors

A

Visceral pain

34
Q

Comes from stimulation of joints, bones, muscles, and soft tissues

A

Somatic pain

35
Q

Pain tolerance ________

A

Varies

36
Q

Pain from one body region is perceived as coming from different region
Visceral and somatic pain fibers travel along same nerves
Brain assumes stimulus comes from common (somatic) region

A

Referred pain

37
Q
A

A and P I (18 decks)

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