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A and P I > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

Skin

1
Q

The first and foremost barrier
Functions: Protection, body temp regulation, cutaneous sensations, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, excretion of wastes

A

Skin

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2
Q

Epidermis
Dermis

A

2 layers of skin…

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3
Q

Superficial region
Consists of epithelial tissue (keratinized stratified squamous)
Avascular (no blood vessels)
Outer protective shield of body

A

Epidermis

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4
Q

Underlies epidermis
Mostly fibrous connective tissue
Bulk of skin
Contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
Contains epidermal hair follicles, oil glands, and sweat glands

A

Dermis

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5
Q

Subcutaneous layer deep to skin
Not a part of the skin, but shares some functions
Mostly adipose tissue that absorbs shock and insulates
Anchors skin to underlying structures (mostly muscle)

A

Hypodermis

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6
Q

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Dendritic cells
Tactile (Merkel) cells

A

Four cell types found in epidermis…

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7
Q

Produce fibrous keratin

A

Keratinocytes

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8
Q

Spider-shaped cells, produce melanin

A

Melanocytes

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9
Q

Star shaped macrophages that patrol deep epidermis

A

Dendritic cells

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10
Q

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

A

Five skin layers

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11
Q

Deepest epidermal layer, one row of actively mitotic stem cells

A

Stratum basale

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12
Q

Several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes

A

Stratum spinosum

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13
Q

Third portion in thin skin
Typically one to five layers of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating; cytoplasm full of lamella granules and keratohyalin

A

Stratum granulosum

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14
Q

Most superficial layer of epidermis, 20-30 layers of dead cells, essentially flat membranous sacs with keratin

A

Stratum corneum

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15
Q

Found only in thick skin; thin translucent band of dead keratinocytes; lies superficial to the stratum granulosum

A

Stratum lucidum

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16
Q

First layer in dermis
Thin, superficial layer made of areolar tissue
Interlacing collagen fibers form a loosely woven mat of small blood vessels
Includes dermal papillae

A

Papillary layer

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17
Q

Fingerlike projections that project into the epidermis

A

Dermal papillae

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18
Q

Mounds that dermal papillae rest on top of
Cause overlying epidermis to form epidermal ridges

A

Dermal ridges

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19
Q

Dermal ridges + Epidermal ridges
Enhance gripping ability
Create fingerprints

A

Friction ridges

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20
Q

Second layer in dermis
Most of dermal thickness and made up of dense irregular connective tissue
Collagen fibers provide strength and resiliency
Large networks of blood vessels

A

Reticular layer

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21
Q

Network of blood vessels between reticular layer and hypodermis

A

Dermal vascular plexus

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22
Q

Collagen fibers running parallel to skin surface
Externally invisible
Helps surgeons make incisions that will heal quickly

A

Tension lines

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23
Q

Dermal folds near joints
Where the dermis closely attached to the underlying structures

A

Flexure lines

24
Q

Extreme stretching of skin causing dermal tears, leaving silver/white scars
“stretch marks”

A

Striae

25
Q

Acute, short term traumas to skin creating fluid filled pockets that separate epidermal and dermal layers

A

Blisters

26
Q

Melanin
Carotene
Hemoglobin

A

Three skin pigments:

27
Q

Only pigment made in skin, made by melanocytes
Packages into melanosomes that are sent to shield DNA of keratinocytes from damaging UV sunlight
Freckles, and pigmented moles are local accumulations of melanin

A

Melanin

28
Q

Clumping of elastic fibers, causing skin to become leathery
UV light destroys folic acid

A

Excessive sun exposure

29
Q

Yellow to orange pigment
Most obvious in palms and soles
Accumulates in stratum corneum and hypodermis
Can be converted to vitamin A for vision and epidermal health

A

Carotene

30
Q

Pinkish hue of fair skin is due to lower levels of melanin

A

Hemoglobin

31
Q

Blueness in skin, low oxygenation of hemoglobin; sign of respiratory issues

A

Cyanosis

32
Q

Emotional stress, low blood pressure, anemia

A

Pallor/Blanching

33
Q

Yellowness, liver disorders

A

Jaundice

34
Q

Redness, embarrassment

A

Erythema

35
Q

Bruising; result of blood leakage from damaged blood vessel beneath skin

A

Red/Purple/Yellow marks

36
Q

Hyperpigmentation, thickened skin in folds
Endocrine disorders

A

Brown or black patches

37
Q

Consists of dead keratinized cells (hard)
Produces hair follicles
Warns of insects on skin
Guards against physical trauma
Protect from heat loss
Shield skin from sunlight

A

Hair

38
Q

Sac that hair grows in, considered skin organ

A

Hair follicle

39
Q

Where keratinization is still going on

A

Root

40
Q

Where keratinization is complete
Projects from skin, extends halfway down portion of hair embedded in skin

A

Shaft

41
Q

Protective covering for fingers and toes
Scale-like modifications of epidermis that contain hard keratin
3 parts - free edge, nail body, root

A

Nail

42
Q

Epidermis underneath keratinized nail plate
Bed is the deepest layers of epidermis

A

Nail bed

43
Q

Abundant on palms, soles, and forehead
Ducts connect to pores
Function in thermoregulation
Secrete sweat

A

Eccrine sweat glands

44
Q

Ducts emptying into hair follicles
Function unknown but may act as sexual scent gland
Secrete viscous milky or yellowish sweat
Contains fatty substances and proteins
Bacteria break down sweat leading to BO

A

Apocrine sweat glands

45
Q

Oil glands; Most develop from hair follicles and secrete into hair follicles
Secrete sebum

A

Sebaceous glands

46
Q

Protection
Body temp regulation
Cutaneous sensations
Metabolic functions
Blood reservoir
Excretion of wastes

A

Skin functions:

47
Q

Swelling caused by an abnormal growth of tissue
1. Benign - non cancerous, doesn’t spread
2. Malignant - cancerous, can spread

A

Tumor

48
Q

Most common skin cancer, least likely to spread
Begins as a papule, enlarges and develops central crater
Cured by surgical excision

A

Basal cell carcinoma

49
Q

Second most common type of skin cancer
Can spread to other organs
Usually reddened papule on scalp, ears, lower lip, or hands
Good prognosis if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

50
Q

Cancer of melanocytes, most dangerous types
Can arise from a pre-existing mole or normal skin

A

Melanoma

51
Q

Tissue damage caused by heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals
Immediate threat is dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

A

Burns

52
Q

Epidermal damage only; localized redness, swelling, pain

A

First-degree burn

53
Q

Epidermal and upper dermal damage; blisters appear

A

Second-degree burn

54
Q

Entire thickness of skin involved; Skin color turns gray-white, cherry red, or blackened
No swelling seen b/c nerves are destroyed

A

Third-degree burn

55
Q

Involves deeper tissue, such as muscle or bone

A

4th-degree burn

A and P I (12 decks)

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